PSY-350 Child and Adolescent Development Final

The awareness that objects and people continue to exist even when we are not in direct sensory or motor contact with them is referred to as __________.   

object permanence

According to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, __________.

maturation and a child’s exploration of his or her environment shape cognitive development

__________ is a cognitive process of altering new information to fit an existing schema

assimilation

The cognitive understanding that the quantity of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes is known as __________. 

conservation

The ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one class or group is referred to as __________. 

classification

The ability to line up a box of broken crayons by color and by length from shortest to longest is referred to as __________.

seriation

Critics point out that Piaget generally overestimated the abilities of __________.

adolescents

Which of the following requires abstract thinking to gain an understanding of it? 

socioeconomic status

__________ is thinking about thinking.

metacognition

According to your text, which group of college students is more likely to engage in dialectical thinking?

Chinese

The information-processing approach views cognitive development as __________, or gradual and steady.  

continuous

Mason, an energetic 8-year-old boy, is excited to start third grade. Although a kind child, his former teachers often report Mason rarely follows instructions, has a difficult time staying focused, talks out of turn, and constantly squirms in his chair. Mason’s teacher suspects that Mason __________. 

has ADHD

Sixteen-year-old AJ tells his father he is not feeling well and therefore will not be going to school. When pressed for more specifics as to what ails him, AJ admits that he is embarrassed to go to school and cries, “I have a zit on my nose and everyone will be staring at my face!” AJ’s father assures him everyone in high school is far too concerned with their own appearance to be worried about AJ’s face. What does this common adolescent scenario exemplify?

imaginary audience

The adolescent’s belief in the uniqueness of his or her personal experiences and personal destiny is known as __________.

personal fable

The __________ describes the difference between skills and tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer. 

zone of proximal development

One’s __________ is one’s inborn characteristics such as preferred level of activity, affect, adaptability, attention span, and the ability to self-regulate.

temperament

The principle of __________ suggests that children develop best if there is a good fit between the temperament of the child and environmental demands.  

goodness of fit

Which is a list of secondary emotions?

guilt, shame, embarrassment

Which is a list of primary emotions?

anger, sadness, fear

Four-year-old Sally is walking with her mother through the local park. Occasionally, Sally gets to push her brother Hank in the stroller. Shortly after they begin their walk, Hank begins to cry, and Sally walks to the front of the stroller and peers in to check on her brother. After noticing that his pacifier has fallen out, she reaches over and gently places the pacifier into Hank’s mouth. Sally is displaying the sociomoral emotion of __________. 

empathy

__________ is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interactions across contexts, as well as repetitive and restricted behavior.

autism spectrum disorder

Cortland is very excited to be at his tenth birthday party. While ripping through the many gift boxes, he opens a box from his grandmother filled with athletic socks and underwear. Not wishing to show his disappointment, Cortland smiles, reaches to hug his grandmother, and says, “Thank you, grandma! I needed some new socks and underwear!” Cortland’s sensitivity to his grandmother illustrates __________.

emotion display rules

Girls and women have a greater tendency to __________, or to think persistently, about bad feelings and experiences.

ruminate

Adolescents are most likely to put on their __________ selves with potential romantic partners and least likely with their close friends.

false

When a young Indian girl identifies with her peers at her fast-paced computer management position yet still believes in the tradition of arranged marriage, she likely embraces a __________ identity.

bicultural

Kenneth wants to go to the college of his choice. However, his father is a graduate of the state university and really wants Kenneth to attend the same college. If Kenneth agrees to attend his father’s university without exploring other colleges, Marcia would identify Kenneth as being in __________.

foreclosure

For adolescents, the key areas in which identify is formed are __________. 

love, work, and ideology

Hagen taunts his classmate, Phoenix, that he looks like a girl with his long hair and that he should get his hair cut so their other classmates don’t mistake him for a girl. Hagen is expressing his strict understanding of ___________. 

gender roles

The belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group is a __________.

stereotype

Which statement about gender intensification is true?  

Increased conformity to gender roles during adolescence takes place primarily for adolescents whose parents value traditional gender roles.

In most traditional cultures, an adolescent boy must demonstrate three capacities before he can be considered a man: __________.

provide, protect, procreate

The sexual revolution was sparked by the Federal Drug Administration’s approval of __________.

birth control

A statistical technique that integrates the data from many studies into one comprehensive statistical analysis __________.   

meta analysis

Manny is teased by his middle school friends after he tells them that he is taking after-school ballet lessons. The influence of this type of peer feedback on gender socialization is emphasized in __________.   

social cognitive theory

Christian tends to cry easily and tends to play with more girls than boys. Which statement about peer influence on gender socialization is true?

he is likely to be ostracized by other boys

Studies reveal that the more adolescent girls and young women use Facebook, the more likely they are to report __________.

Anxiety

__________ is the Latino concept that the ideal woman should model the Virgin Mary by behaving in a subservient manner, remaining pure, and denying her own desires. 

marianismo

On a worldwide scale of tertiary education enrollment, which statement is true?    

Females now surpass males among students who reach the tertiary level of education

Which of the following adolescent populations is the most accepting of others?

androgynous girls

__________ is the process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behavior.  

self-socialization

Analysis of magazines geared toward adolescent girls reveals approximately 50% of the content focuses on __________.

physical appearance

Based on the evolutionary basis of gender development, which of the following characteristics promoted survival in male?

Aggressiveness

After Erika’s birth, her mother suffered from postpartum depression and spent most of her time unable to provide for her newborn’s needs while Erika’s father worked as a cross-country truck driver. Because the adult caretakers in her early life were, at best, inconsistent, what might experts predict for Erika’s future? 

Erika may have a problem trusting others in her adult life.

Bowlby believed the two most critical characteristics of a primary caregiver should be sensitivity and __________.

responsiveness

Donnie spends his days in childcare while both parents work. After Donnie is dropped off each morning, he screams and cries, requiring quite a bit of attention. The caretakers present him with toys, although Donnie refuses their gestures of comfort. When Donnie’s mother comes to pick him up at the end of the day, he offers a mixed response, at once running to greet her and then pushing her away. Which type of attachment quality is Donnie exhibiting? 

insecure-resistant attachment

A primary reason men historically have not acted as the primary caretakers of infants and toddlers is due to __________ and the distinction and separation of gender roles.       

cultural expectations

Jabali lives in sub-Saharan Africa in which tradition holds he will be responsible for more than one wife and their children. He will live separately or rotate among his families and serve as the provider and disciplinarian. What is the term for this type of living arrangement?    

polygyny

Amal’s parents are rarely present, choosing instead to allow Amal and her siblings to spend large chunks of time without parental monitoring. When they are home, her parents show little interest or affection toward the children and remain emotionally detached. Amal’s parents exemplify the __________ parenting style.

disengaged

The cultural belief among Latinos that emphasizes the love, closeness, and mutual obligations among family members is called __________. 

familismo

Although Western cultures value the emergence of adolescent autonomy, traditional cultures believe __________ prepares one for the transition to adulthood.       

learning to respect authority

What percentage of Italians aged 15 to 24 live with their parents?

94%

Who is most likely to inflict physical abuse on his or her child?

Aaron, who was laid off and has been unemployed for more than 8 months

Current research on resilience adds __________ as a protective factor.

religiosity

The most common source of sibling conflict is __________. 

personal possessions

Mitchell lives at home with his parents, his two younger brothers, his Uncle Jack, his Aunt Jessie, and his maternal grandmother. Mitchell lives in a(n) __________ household.

extended family

The low point for most children comes __________ after parents divorce.

12 months

Which statement about children raised by gay or lesbian parents is true? 

Psychological outcomes for children growing up with gay parents are no different than those of children growing up with lesbian and heterosexual parents.

Bronfenbrenner acknowledged the role of the immediate environment on development but believed too much emphasis was placed on the __________ relationship to the exclusion of other equally important relationships.

mother-child

Which game is universally popular in middle childhood?

hide and seek

Children who spread rumors about others with the intent of causing harm or damaging their relationships are engaging in __________ aggression.

relational

By late adolescence, friendships are noticeably segregated by __________ compared to those in childhood.     

ethnicity

Approximately __________% of Japanese parents and teachers believe preschool education should center on teaching children how to be a member of a group.

60 %

Over a lifetime of working, Americans with a college degree or more make an estimated __________ more than those who only obtain a high school diploma.

one million

Having friends who view school negatively __________, even for children with authoritative parents

tends to be correlated with lower school success

Although the majority of parents from all ethnic groups say they value education highly, the emphasis is especially strong in __________ cultures. 

asian

The greatest number of child workers is found in __________. 

sub-saharan africa

Which statement accurately describes research about American children’s first exposure to media in their family household?

Approximately 44% had played a game on a handheld device by 3 years and 11 months of age.

One facet of Cultivation Theory, known as the __________, suggests that the more people watch TV, the more likely they believe the world is a dangerous place.

mean world syndrome

Albert Bandura’s famous __________ experiment is a prime example of Social Learning Theory.

bobo doll

Piaget believed the process of moral rule-making and thus, moral development, was a democratic process fostered by human interactions, the most effective of these interactions taking place between children and their __________. 

peers

James is arrested for stealing classified government files. When confronted, he admits, “Yes. I did steal the electronic files, and I am willing to go to jail for my actions. These files prove, without a shadow of a doubt, that the government is engaging in a widespread cover-up and I believe the public has a right to know about the unethical breach of trust!” James is operating from Kohlberg’s __________ of morality.  

post-conventional level

What is Gilligan’s term for a type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis for moral reasoning?       

care orientation