transport in humans

What 4 things are in the composition of the blood

Plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells

What is in the plasma (9 things)

Water, mineral ions, CO2, urea, nutrients, antibodies, pathogens, heat, hormones

What mineral ions are in the plasma

Calcium, sodium, chlorine ions

What nutrients are in the plasma

Amino acids, glucose, lipids, vitamins

What is an example of a pathogen which is in the plasma

Virus, HIV

What are platelets

Fragments of cells

What do the platelets contain

Fibrinogen and fibrin

What do the platelets help with

Blood clotting

Is fibrinogen soluble

Yes

Is fibrin soluble

No

What is the scientific name for white blood cells

Leukocytes

What does the white blood cells do / help with

Immune system

What are the 2 types of white blood cells

Phagocytes, lymphocytes

What is a phagocyte

White blood cell that engulfs pathogens

What is a lymphocyte

An antibody that produces white blood cells

Out of phagocytes and lymphocytes, which ones are physical and chemical

Phagocytes = physical, lymphocytes = chemical

What is the scientific name for red blood cells

Erythrocytes

What do red blood cells do

Transport oxygen

What do red blood cells contain

Haemoglobin

Do red blood cells contain a nucleus

No

What does haemoglobin contain

Iron and creates the colour of the blood

What shape is a red blood cell

Biconcave shape

What are the adaptations of a red blood cell (5 things)

Large surface area to volume ratio, disc shaped, no nucleus, contains haemoglobin, diameter is slightly bigger than a capillary

What does a large surface area to volume ratio mean for red blood cells

Oxygen is always close to the surface

What does the disc shaped of the red blood cells do for the red blood cell

Creates large surface area

What does no nucleus do for the red blood cells

More space for haemoglobin

What does the haemoglobin do for the red blood cells

Binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin

What does the diameter being slightly bigger than a capillary mean for the red blood cells

Short diffusion distance, slows down, cells are squished creating large surface area

What is diffusion

The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

What is a vaccine

A dead or weakened form of the pathogen used to provide a primary immune response and therefore immunity

What does Ro mean

Number of people that one infected person will infect

What does diastolic mean

Relaxed

What does systolic mean

Contracting

How do you calculate heart rate

Count pulse for 15 sec and multiply by 4

What is heart rate measured in

Beats per minute (BPM)

How do you calculate the cardiac output

Heart rate x stroke volume

What is the stroke volume

Males = 80 mL, females = 60 mL

What is blood pressure

Systolic pressure / diastolic pressure

What can the heart rate also be controlled by

The nervous system and hormones

What does a fast heart rate mean

More oxygen is delivered to the muscles along with more glucose for respiration, it also removes CO2 and heat quickly

Why does your heart rate still remain high even after exercise (3 points)

1. Your body still needs oxygen

2. Your muscles will begin anaerobic respiration which produces lactic acid

3. Your body is in oxygen debt to break down the lactic acid

How does a vaccine work ( 5 points)

1. Injection of dead or weakened form of the pathogen

2. Stimulates a primary immune response

3. The lymphocyte with the correct antibody reproduces

4. Some produce antibodies that destroy the vaccine

5. Some stay in the blood as memory cells providing immunity

What happens if after you’ve had the vaccine, you become infected with the actual pathogens

A secondary immune response is simulated, more antibodies produce more quickly

How does the cardiac cycle work (4 points)

1. A wave of electrical activity spreads from the sinoatrical node

2. Causing the atriums to contract first

3. The wave of electrical activity spreads to the atrioventricular node and passed through the bundle of HIS

4. The wave of electrical activity spreads through the purkinje fibres causing the ventricles to contract from the base upwards

What is the singular name for atriums

Atria

The heart isn’t myogenic, what does this mean

Contraction of the heart begins in the heart itself

What happens to your heart rate during exercise (5)

1. Muscle cells increase the rate of aerobic respiration to release energy for muscle contraction

2. More oxygen is used and more CO2 is produced

3. CO2 diffuses into the blood plasma which lowers pH and increases acidity

4. This makes impulses which are sent to the brain (medulla)

5. The medulla increases heartrate by more impulses

What is the affect of adrenaline on the heart rate (3 points)

1. Caffeine triggers the release of adrenaline

2. Adrenaline increases the heart rate so that more oxygen can be transported around the body

3. The breathing rate also increases so that more oxygen can enter the body for aerobic respiration

What is needed for blood to clot (5 things)

Platelets, fibrin, clotting factors, red or white blood cells

Which 2 factors of blood clotting is in the blood at all times

Platelets and clotting factors

What are the stages of blood clotting (4 points)

1. Platelets become sticky and plug the hole in the skin

2. Clotting factors become turned on and reinforce platelets

3. Fibrin weaves the hole shut and acts like glue

4. Cells support the clot

What are the main points of blood clotting (2)

1. Platelets bloodclotting

2. Soluble fibrinogen turns into insoluble fibrin

What is the benefit of blood clotting

Prevents infection by pathogens

Why does blood need to clot

Prevents excess blood loss

What are the different layers of the arteries and veins (5 parts)

Lumen, lining layer, elastic layer, muscle layer, tough outer layer

What is the difference between arteries and veins

Veins have thinner layers than arteries but a larger lumen

What are the parts of capillary

Lumen and lining layer

What size lumen does artery have

Relatively small lumen due to high pressure

What size lumen does veins have

Large lumen due to low pressure

What size lumen does capillary have

Small lumen due to medium pressure

Which direction do arteries carry blood

Away from the heart

Which direction do veins carry blood

To the heart

What does hepatic mean

Liver

What does renal mean

Kidneys

What is an antigen

Chemicals that stimulate immune response

What happens to the pathogens when lymphocytes produce suitable antibodies

They clump together

Why do the pathogens clump together

To make it easier for the phagocytes to engulf all the pathogens

What is coronary heart disease

Coronary arteries become blocked by a build up of fatty plaques containing cholesterol

What happens to the arteries if they become blocked

Blood supply to the part of heart muscle is cut off, part of the heart cannot contract

What does it mean if the heart can’t contract

It leads to a heart attack

What are the causes of coronary heart disease (5/6)

Poor diet, stress and smoking, salt, lack of exercise, genetic factors

Why could a poor diet lead to coronary heart disease

Increases cholesterol levels

Why could stress and smoking lead to coronary heart disease

Increases blood pressure

Why could too much salt lead to coronary heart disease

High blood pressure

Where is urea produced

Liver

Where is urea excreted

Kidneys