The eleven systems of the human body

Integumentary system anatomy

Skin and associated structures including hair, fingernails, toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands.

Integumentary system physiology

Protects the body from damage and infection; helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes through sweat; helps produce vitamin D; detects sensations such as touch, pain, heat, and cold; stores fat for insulation.

Skeletal system anatomy

Bones, joints, and associated cartilage.

Skeletal system physiology

Supports and protects the body; provides attachment sites for muscles; produces blood cells in bone marrow; stores minerals and lipids.

Muscular system anatomy

Skeletal muscle tissue and tendons.

Muscular system physiology

Produces body movements; maintains posture; generates heat to help maintain body temperature.

Nervous system anatomy

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs.

Nervous system physiology

Generates nerve impulses to control body activities; detects changes in the environment; processes information and responds.

Endocrine system anatomy

Hormone-producing glands including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, thymus, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes.

Endocrine system physiology

Regulates body activities by releasing hormones into the blood to control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and other functions.

Cardiovascular system anatomy

Heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Cardiovascular system physiology

Pumps blood throughout the body; delivers oxygen and nutrients; removes carbon dioxide and wastes; helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature, and fluid levels.

Lymphatic system anatomy

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils, and immune cells.

Lymphatic system physiology

Returns excess fluid and proteins to the blood; transports lipids from the digestive tract; provides sites for immune cell development.

Respiratory system anatomy

Lungs and air passageways including the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes.

Respiratory system physiology

Moves oxygen from inhaled air into the blood and removes carbon dioxide; helps regulate acid-base balance; produces sound for speech.

Digestive system anatomy

Digestive tract: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus; accessory organs including salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Digestive system physiology

Breaks down food physically and chemically; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes.

Urinary system anatomy

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Urinary system physiology

Produces, stores, and eliminates urine; removes wastes from blood; regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance.

Reproductive system anatomy

Gonads and associated organs (female: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, mammary glands; male: epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal glands, prostate, penis).

Reproductive system physiology

Produces gametes that can unite to form a new organism; releases hormones that regulate reproduction; supports development and nourishment of offspring.