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Personality
An individual's unique set of consistent behavioral traits.
Personality Traits
Durable dispositions to behave in particular ways across various situations.
Psychodynamic Theories
Theories that emphasize unconscious mental forces and early childhood experiences.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
Suggests that behavior results from internal conflicts among the id, ego, and superego.
Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious strategies to reduce anxiety, such as repression and projection.
Behavioral Theories
Theories that suggest personality is shaped by environmental influences and learning.
Skinner's Operant Conditioning
The theory that behavior is determined by reinforcement and punishment.
Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory
Emphasizes observational learning and self-efficacy.
Humanistic Theories
Theories that focus on individual growth and self-actualization.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
A theory that suggests individuals are motivated by a series of hierarchical needs, culminating in self-actualization.
Rogers' Person-Centered Theory
Emphasizes the importance of unconditional positive regard in personal development.
Big Five Personality Traits
A model proposing that personality is composed of five broad dimensions: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness.
Projective Tests
Tests that require individuals to respond to ambiguous stimuli, revealing hidden aspects of personality.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective test where participants interpret inkblot images.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test where individuals create stories based on ambiguous pictures.
Self-Report Inventories
Questionnaires where individuals assess their own behaviors and traits.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
A self-report inventory that assesses personality traits and psychopathology.
Strengths of Personality Theories
Provide frameworks for understanding individual differences and have practical applications in therapy and employment.
Critiques of Personality Theories
Some theories lack empirical support, and personality assessments can be influenced by social desirability biases.
