Chapter 22: Descent with modification
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23 Terms
Evolution definition
Genetic change in a lineage over time
Who is the father of evolution?
Charles Darwin
Darwin incisions
The branching pattern of evolution
Species are similar because
They split from a recent common ancestor
Lamarcks theory
Darwins idea of what causes evolution
Natural selection
Survival of the fittest
Key features of natural selection
Individuals do not evolve populations do overtime
Can only increase or decrease heritable traits that vary in a population
Adaptations vary with
Different environments
4 types of data document the pattern of evolution
Direct observation of natural selection and artificial selection
Anatomical evidence
Fossil record
Biogeography
Artificial selection
Change initiated by humans
Operates by favoring individuals with certain phenotypic traits, allowing them to reproduce and pass their genes on to the next generation
Artificial selection: Domestication
Human imposed selection has produced a variety of cats, dogs pigeons etc
Natural selection in finches
Droughts: birds with deeper beaks survived better (large seeds)
Wet: average beak depth decreased (small seeds)
Vestigial structures
No apparent function but resemble structures their ancestors possessed
Vestigial structures examples
Humans: appendix, muscle for wiggling ears
Manatees: fingernails
Vestigial genes: Pseudogenes
Fossil genes; traces of previously functioning genes
Fossil genes
When a trait disappears, gene does not just vanish from the genes
Convergent evolution
Similar forms having evolved in different, isolated areas because of similar selective pressures in similar environments
Analogous structures
Share similar function but not common ancestry
Imperfections
Natural selection can influence only the variation present in a population
Giraffe have 7 vertebrates because all mammals have 7, no way for additional vertebrate unlike the geese with 25
Fossil records
Provides evidence of the extinction of species, the origin of new groups and the changed within groups over time
Biogeography
Study of geographic distribution of species
Scientific theory
Explaining a large set of observations and supported by tremendous amount of evidence
Unifying theme in biology
Fact supported theories are not
Guesses but reliable accounts of the real world