Exam 1 Review

Screening for Referral

Process to identify red flags and assess comorbidities affecting patient management.

Systemic Diseases

Conditions that can mimic neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction.

GI System Functions

Ingestion, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and waste elimination.

Digestion

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food, primarily in the small intestine.

Absorption

Most nutrient and water absorption occurs in the jejunum of the small intestine.

Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of interactions between the enteric system, immune system, and CNS.

Liver Functions

Synthesizes proteins, produces bile, metabolizes fats, and detoxifies substances.

Pancreas Functions

Has both exocrine (digestive enzymes) and endocrine (hormones) roles.

GI Pain Descriptors

Types of pain associated with GI disorders, including deep, aching, and burning sensations.

Endocrine System Functions

Regulates CNS and reproductive development, growth, and homeostasis.

Hormones

Three classes include protein/polypeptide, steroid, and derivatives of tyrosine.

Feedback Mechanisms

Many endocrine glands operate through negative feedback loops.

Hypothalamus

Integrates communication between the endocrine and nervous systems.

Pituitary Gland

Regulates other glands and controls metabolism, growth, and fluid balance.

Adrenal Gland

Secretes glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and sex hormones.

Diabetes Mellitus

Systemic disorder affecting carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism due to insulin issues.

Insulin Functions

An anabolic hormone that regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin-dependent diabetes resulting from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells.

Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin sensitivity disorder where the body produces insulin but does not respond effectively.

A1C Test

Measures average blood sugar levels over three months.

Exercise Benefits

Improves insulin sensitivity, promotes weight loss, and enhances overall health.

Hypoglycemia Management

15-15 rule for mild cases; glucagon injection for severe cases.

Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP)

Tests for electrolyte levels, blood sugar, and kidney function.

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Assesses red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets.

Innate Immunity

First and second lines of defense against pathogens, non-specific and without memory.

Adaptive Immunity

Third line of defense, specific and has memory for previously encountered antigens.

Autoimmune Diseases

Conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues.

Organ Transplant Criteria

End-stage organ damage, failure of conventional medicine, and absence of untreatable malignancy.

Rejection Types

Hyper-acute, acute, and chronic rejection of transplanted organs.

General Activity Guidelines Post-Transplant

Aerobic exercise, strength training, and functional training to promote recovery.