lab quiz 4 and 5 anatomy

respiratory volumes and capacities

The total capacity of the lungs is divided into various volumes according to their function in the intake or exhalation of air.

total lung capacity

Total lung capacity is the maximum amount of air the lungs can hold, including the residual volume. It is the sum of vital capacity and residual volume.

equation : TV + IRV + ERV + RV

inspiratory reserve volume

is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation. It is an important measure of lung capacity.

functional residual capacity

the amt of air remaining in the lungs after a normal respirtation

EQUATION: RV + ERV

tidal volume

amt of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet respiration

expiratory reserve volume

the maximal amount of air which can be forcefully expired following normal respiration

residual volume

amt of air which remains trapped in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effect.

vital capacity

maximal amt of air that can be forcefully expired after a max inspiration

EQUATION : TV + IRV + ERV

inspiratory capacity

max amt of air which can be inspired after normal expiration

EQUATION : TV + IRV

spirometry

measurement of respiratory volumes; useful for evaluating changes in respiratory functions, can distinguish between restrictive diseases and obstructive pulmonary diseases

restrictive diiseases

effect lungs capacity to expand

obstructive pumonary disease

cause lungs to hyper inflate due to airway restriction

spirometer

instrument to measure respiratory volume

respiatory minute volume

tells us the amt of gas that flows in to or out of the respiratory tract in one minute

equation : tidal volume x respiratory rate

nomogram

graphical calculating device; used in clinical settings to predict probability of an event based on known relationships in treatment and care.

Heymer test of respiratory reserve

often a better index of respiratory reserve than is the traditional
vital capacity measurement. The principal value of these pulmonary measurements lies in following volume changes caused either by disease or recovery from a disease.

left-sided heart disease

found to have decreases vital capacity .When the heart's left ventricle is inefficient at pumping blood, blood can build up in the pulmonary veins and cause pulmonary edema. The buildup of fluid in the lungs reduces the amount of oxygen that can move through the lungs, causing shortness of breath, which, in turn, decreases vital capacity

polimyelitis or polio

a virus that infects an individual’s spinal cord and
causes paralysis. Paralysis of the respiratory muscles affects the individual’s ability to breathe on their own, which resulted in the development of the Iron Lung in the early 1900s

The _________ an individual’s breath-holding time, the ______ efficient their respiratory system is at maintaining their blood’s pH

longer ; more

modification of respiratory function

because of their importance, the concentration of O 2 and CO2 in the lungs and blood is finely regulated by variety of receptors, reflexes, and feedback processes which serve to control our respiration patterns.

receptors

Receptors are specialized proteins on cell surfaces or within cells that recognize and bind specific molecules, triggering a cellular response.

reflexes

reflexes Reflexes are automatic responses to stimuli that help protect the body from harm. They are controlled by the spinal cord and do not require conscious thought.

feedback processes

Feedback processes involve the exchange of information to regulate or control a system, allowing for adjustments to be made based on the received feedback.

dry gas meter

measures the volume of gas that passes through it (similar to the natural gas meter in your home) and keeps a cumulative total.

calculating tidal volume

divding toal air exhaled by the number of breaths made over the collection period

metabolic rate

(measured in ml O 2 consumed/min) can be determined by calculating the difference between the percentage of O2 in inhaled air (20.95%) and the percentage of O2 in exhaled air (measured by the oxygen analyzer), and then multiplying this percentage difference to the volume of air breathed during a measured time span (measured by the dry gas meter).

rate of oxygen consumption

equal to both

1. rate at which u obtain oxygen from the environment across respiratory exchange surface of the lungs (ventilation)

2. the rate at which ixygen is extracted from the blood going through capillaries of the metabolizing cells (perfusion)

ventilation- perfusion coupling

An individual can increase ventilation by increasing their respiratory rate and tidal volume, while perfusion can be increased by increasing their heart rate. Both can be calculated by measuring the flow (ml/min) of the medium (air or blood) and multiplying them by the amount of oxygen that is extracted per ml of medium that passes the exchange surface.

minute volume

flow of air in the respiratory system

cardiac output

flow of blood in the circulatory system

respiratory system

concentrations of oxygen in the inspired air (CO2 i) and the exhaled air (CO2 e)

circulatory system

concentrations of oxygens in the systemic arterial blood (CO2 a) and systemic venous blood (CO2 v).

rate of oxygen consumption equation

(Vm)(Co2i - Co2e)=(CO)(Co2a - C02v)

metabolic rate during exercise

Vo2 = (Vm)(Co2i-Co2e)

maximun oxygen content

Co2a = average hemoglobin concentration (G hb/ 100ml blood) x 1.34 ml o2/ g Hb

oxygen content of mixed venous blood at rest

Co2v= 0.6(Co2a)

resting cardiac output

CO = V02/(Co2a - Co2v)

resting stroke volume

SV = CO/HR

During exercise, the oxygen content of venous blood ______

FALLS

CALCULATING oxygen venous blood content

pulse pressure(resting). = stroke volume (resting)

pulse pressure (exercising) stroke volume (exercising)

cardiac output during exersice

COe = SV x HR

oxygen venous blood exercise

rate of respiration si controlled by

neural centers located in the medulla and pons

carbonic acid - bicarbontate mechanism

when carbon dioxide leaves the tissues and enters the blood cells, it combines with water to form carbonic acid. Shortly after it is formed, carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions diffuse out of the blood cells and into the plasma to become alkaline buffers, while the hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin molecules within the cell and become neutralized. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, there is an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions causing a decrease in the blood’s pH (more acidic) until the body can stabilize pH by combining the hydrogen ions with bicarbonate ions. If the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood decreases, there is a decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood causing an increase in the blood’s pH (more alkaline) until more carbon dioxide enters the blood cells to form carbonic acid.

If we ________ the rate and depth of respiration (rapid, deep breathing), carbon dioxide

quickly becomes flushed out of the body as we are eliminating a larger concentration of carbon dioxide at a faster

rate

increase

If we________ the rate and depth of respiration (slow, shallow

breathing), carbon dioxide will accumulate in the blood as a smaller concentration of carbon dioxide is being

eliminated at a slower rate.

decrease

hyperventilation

occurs when an individual takes rapid and deep breaths that exceeds the body’s need

to eliminate carbon dioxide.

When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood becomes too low, the brain will force the body to

_______ the respiratory rate and _______ the tidal volume (slow, shallow breaths).

decrease / decrease

apnea

cessation of breathing

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

irreversibly decrease an indiviuals ability to force air out of lungs

asthma

result of inflammation in the bronchioles reducing the amount of oxygen that can reach the alveoli