Anatomy Chapter 1

Gross Anatomy or Macro Anatomy

the study of the larger structures of the body (ones visible without magnification)

Microscopic Anatomy 3

the study of structures that can only be observed with magnification. This includes cytology (study of cells) and histology (study of tissues)

Regional Anatomy

study of all structures in a specific body region work together to serve a particular body region.

Systemic Anatomy

study of structures that make up a body system

For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body.

Anatomy

study of the body’s structure

Physiology

function

Homeostasis

the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

Chemical Level

atoms bond to form molecules

Cellular level

A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell

Tissue Level

a community of similar cells form a body tissue

Organ level

2 or more different tissues combine to form an organ

organ system level

2 or more organs work together to perform function of a body system

organismal level

many of our systems work together to perform functions

all matter is composed of..

one or more elements

smallest unit of an element

atom

cell 2

the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism (even bacteria) perform all functions of life

a tissue is…

a group of many cells that work together

Organ system

a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body

Integumentary System 2

encloses internal body structures. site of many sensory receptors

skeletal system 2

movement and support

Muscular system 2

enables movement(with skeletal system). helps maintain body temp

Nervous system 2

detects and processes information

activates responses

endocrine system 2

secretes hormones. regulates bodily procedures

cardiovascular system 2

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues. equalizes temp in the body

lymphatic system 2

returns fluid to blood. defends against pathogens

respiratory system 2

removes CO2 from body. delivers oxygen to blood

digestive system 2

processes food for use by the body. removes wastes from undigested food

urinary system 2

controls water balance. removes waste from blood then excretes them

male reproductive system 2

produces sex hormones and gametes. delivers gametes to female

female reproductive system 3

produces sex hormones. supports embryo/fetus until birth. produces milk for infant

organism level 3

highest level of organization. is a living being that has cellular structure. can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life

multicellular organisms 2

(humans, all cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems). - work together to maintain the life and health of the organism

cells are organizes to create… 3

internal compartments that keep body cells separated from external environmental threats and to keep the cells moist also seperate internal body fluids from microorganisms

6 functions

organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, development, and reproduction

Anabolism 2

the process where smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances. Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy

Catabolism 4

(releases energy) the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules. Catabolism releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life.

metabolism 4

(requires energy) the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions. both occur simultaneously and keep you alive

ATP 6

store and release energy. cell stores energy in the anabolism of ATP, then moves the ATP molecules to the location where energy is needed to fuel cellular activities. Then the ATP is broken down (catabolism) and a controlled amount of energy is released, which is used by the cell to perform a particular job.

Responsiveness

the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments

movement

your body is constantly moving even if you are sitting still (blood vessels, muscles)

development 3

all of the changes the body goes through in life. includes the process of differentiation. includes growth and repair both involve differentiation.

differentiation

unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body

growth

increase in size

reproduction 2

the formation of a new organism from parent organisms. is carried out by the male and female reproductive systems

requirements for life 4

oxygen, nutrients, temp, pressure

nutrients types 4

oxygen, energy nutrients, minerals, vitamins

water

helps regulate our internal temperature and cushions, protects, and lubricates joints and many other body structures

energy-yielding nutrients

primarily carbohydrates and lipids, can be used in the metabolic processes that convert them to ATP

water and energy-yielding nutrients are

macronutrients because we need large amounts of them

micronutrients

vitamins and nutrients. can be stores in tissues

pressure

a force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance

Atmospheric pressure

is pressure exerted by the mixture of gases

Atmospheric pressure (what it does) 2

keep blood gases dissolved, ability to breath(higher altitudes)

dynamic pressure of bodily fluids

important to survival. blood pressure must be great enough to allow blood to reach all body tissues, and low enough to ensure that the delicate blood vessels can withstand the friction

set point

the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

normal range

the restricted set of values that is optimally helpful and stable

negative feedback

a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point ( go in opposite so low bring it back to high)

negative feedback parts (3)

sensor, control center, effector

sensor (negative feedback)

a receptor that monitors a change and reports to control center

control center (negative feedback)

compares vales to normal range

effector (negative feedback)

causes a change to reverse the situation and return to normal range

brain heat loss center (what happens when triggered) 3

Blood vessels in the skin dilate allowing more blood to flow to the surface of the skin allowing the heat to radiate into the environment. sweat glands are activated to increase their output. (As the sweat evaporates from the skin surface into the surrounding air, it takes heat with it. ) The depth of respiration increases (This further increases heat loss from the lungs)

brain heat gain center

reduces blood flow to skin, blood returning from the limbs is diverted into a network of deep veins. (trapping heat closer to the body core and restricts heat loss)

positive feedback

intensifies a change rather than reversing it (if something happens it keeps happening. blood clot→ blood clot more)

Prone

face down orientation

supinesagittal plane

face up orientation

sagittal plane 2

divided vertically into two sides. if split equally its called midsagittal or median. if unequally split called parasagittal plane

frontal plane 2

front an back. also called coronal plane

transverse plane

divided horizontally top and bottom

oblique plane

intersects at an angle in any area

dorsal cavity

posterior

ventral cavity 2

anterior. allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions (lungs heart)

serous membrane

one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. form fluid sacs to cution and reduce friction when they move (lungs)

3 parts of serous membrane

pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

pleura

encloses the pleural cavity ( this cavity surrounds the lungs)

pericardium

encloses the pericardial cavity ( this cavity surrounds the heart)

peritoneum

encloses the peritoneal cavity ( this cavity surrounds several organs in abdominopelvic cavity)

x-ray

form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases

Computed tomography (CT)

noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal details about structures in the body

Positron emission tomography (PET)

can illustrate physiologic activity—including nutrient metabolism and blood flow of the organ

Ultrasonography

imaging technique that uses the transmission of high-frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real-time image

What are the 4 quadrents

Right upper quadrent, right lower quadrent, left upper quadrent, left lower quadrent

nine regions

RHR, ER, LHR,RLR,UR,LLR,RIR,HR,LIR

RHR

Right Hypochondriac- liver, ghallbladder, right kidney

ER

Epigastric- stomach,liver,pancreas

LHR

Left Hypochondriac- stomach, spleen, left kidney

RLR

Right lumbar- right kidney, large intestine

UR

umbillical- small intestine, large intestine

LLR

left lumbar- left kidney, large intestine

RIR

Right iliac- Apendix, large intestine

HR

Hypogastric- urinary bladder, small intestine, large intestine

LIR

left iliac- small intestine, large intestine

Integumentary (organs and function) 5-3

Skin,hair,nails,sweat glands,sebacious glands- protection, regulation of body temp, synthesis of vitamin D

Skeletal (organs and function) 4-4

bones,tendons,ligaments,cartilage- support,protection, movement,Ca store,

muscular (organs and function) 1-2

skeletal muscles- movement, heat producion

nervous (organs and function) 3-2

brain, spinal cord, nerves- coordination of body parts, information processing

Endocrine (organs and function) 1-1

glands that secrete hormones-maintain homeostasis

cardiovasular (organs and function) 2-2

heart, blood vessels-electrolye maintnace, transport nutrients waste and O2 and CO2

Lymphatic (organs and function)3-1

bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen- to fight infection

respiratory (organs and function) 9-3

oral cavity, nose,nasal cavity, sinuses,pharynx,larynx,trachea,broncial,tubes within lungs,alveoli- exchange gases, maintain blood Ph and electrolytes, voice production