Advanced Research Methods

Research designed to test whether one variable causes change in another variable is referred to as *

experimental research

Public opinion polls are examples of

descriptive research

Which of the following would be an operational definition of anxiety?

*All of the above (a subjects score on an anxiety scale, a researcher's rating of how anxious a research subject appears, a physiological measure of anxious arousal, the frequency of nervous behaviors, such as fidgeting)

.In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is the

independent variable.

.Behavioral research methods designed to assess the effects of social or institutional programs on people's behavior is

evaluation research

When researchers derive research hypotheses from a theory, they use

deduction

.Explanations that are made after the fact are referred to as post hoc explanations

post hoc explanations

Abstracting a hypothesis from a collection of facts involves

induction

Which of the following is not a criterion of the scientific approach?

Uniform data interpretation

The brief summary of the content of the paper that appears at the beginning of a manuscript is called the

abstract

Of the decisions an editor can make regarding a paper that has been submitted for publication, which is the most common?

Reject the paper

Which of the following is not a characteristic of good scientific writing?

exhaustiveness

Which is the primary route by which research findings are disseminated to the scientific community?

Journal publication

Which of the following is not part of the method section of a research article?

Statistical analyses

When reporting results of a statistical tests in a research article, which of the following pieces of information should be presented?

All of the above: The degrees of freedom for the test, the effect size, its statistical significance, the calculated value of the statistic

Which of the following is not one of the major parts of a research manuscript/report?

appendix

A chi-square test should not be performed when the expected frequency of any cell is less than 5.

True

The procedure section of a research manuscript should always be broken into subsections

*false

According to APA style, where do tables and figures appear in a research manuscript?

At the end of the paper

1. Which sampling method requires a sampling frame?

Simple random sample.

Sampling error:Sampling error:

is the discrepancy, or amount of error, between a sample value and a population value

1. Which measure of central tendency is least affected by extreme scores?

Median

1. The sampling procedure in which you choose every nth person [for example, every 5th person] listed in your population is called:

systematic sampling

1. Which of the following is an advantage of cluster sampling over simple random sampling?

No sampling frame is required

1. In a normal distribution on 10,000 scores, how many scores are between plus and minus one standard deviation? 6,826

6,826

1. According to Leary, in most research contexts are used

nonprobability samples

1. An organic chemistry professor gives an exam that is too easy to her class of 60 students. What is the most likely distribution of exam scores for the class?

Negatively skewed

1. What is the median of the following scores: 9, 5, 4, 8, 10, 12?

None of the above; answer would be 8.5

In which type of sampling is the population divided into strata with participants then randomly selected from each stratum?

Stratified

1. he nonresponse problem is the failure to obtain responses from individuals that researchers select for a sample.

True

1. Which of the following problems cannot occur in within-subject designs? *

biased assignment

1. The fact that research participants may become fatigued or board in the course of an experiment introduces a confound called?

maturation

counterbalancing does not eliminate carryover effects

true

1. A clinical psychologist conducted an experiment to examine the effects of 3 therapeutic approaches on post-traumatic stress disorder he assigned subjects randomly to one of 3 experimental conditions or to a control group that received no treatment he then collected measures of stress anxiety depression self-esteem and hostility how many conditions or in this experiment:

3 or not \=4

1. In an experiment the dependent variable is the variable that is:

measured

1. What is the most common source of error variance in an experiment?

* pre-existing individual differences among participants

In a simple two group experiment the group of subjects not receiving the treatment is called the

control group

1. A researcher utilizing a within subject experiment design his five treatment conditions what is the minimum number of research participants required if the researcher wants to use complete counterbalancing to control for order effects.

120 (5x4x3x2x1)

1. Which of the following is true:

* random assignment is a necessary equating procedure only for between-subject experimental design.

Which of the following is not a participant (subject) variable?

These are all participant (subject) variables (sex, age, personality, IQ)

A factorial design: involves the manipulation

of two or more independent variables

Using pretest can lead to pretest sensitization:

True

How many interactions would be tested in a 2 x 3 x 4 factorial design?

Four

The randomized groups design is a between-subjects design in which the participants are randomly assigned to one of two or more conditions.

True

A participant (subject) variable that interacts with an independent variable is called a(n)

: A participant (subject) variable that interacts with an independent variable is called a(n): interaction

In a factorial design, there are as many main effects as there are:

independent variables

Effect size indicates the strength of the independent variable's effect on the dependent variable.

True

A statistical test led Dr. Jones to incorrectly decide that her independent variable had no effect when in fact it did. Dr. Jones committed a(n):

Type II error

The probability if making a Type I error is equal to:

alpha

The probability of correctly rejecting the Null Hypothesis when it's false is referred to as:

statistical power

Which of the following is a Type I statistical error?

Saying that an independent variable had a statistically significant effect when in fact it did not.

The probability of making a Type II error is equal to:

beta

A two-factor experiment

has two independent variables

1. Post hoc tests are necessary after an ANOVA whenever:

a and b

1. A MANOVA is used to test the difference among the means of two or more conditions on a set of dependent variables.

True

1. ANOVA and MANOVA may be used to analyze data:

from both experimental and nonexperimental designs

ANOVA (analysis of variance)

an inferential statistical test for comparing the means of three or more groups

MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance)

A form of the ANOVA used when a study includes one or more IVs and two or more (3, 4+) DVs, each of which is measured on an interval or ratio scale. Use of this test helps reduce the experimentwise error rate and increases power by analyzing the effects of the IV(s) on all DVs simultaneously.