Race, Class, Gender, and Crime Exam 2

1793 Alien and Sedition Acts

French and Irish immigrants deported and arrested aliens during wartime

Anti-Chinese Sentiment

Chinese immigrants in 1850s viewed as big threat

Economic, racial, disease, and religious threat

Gold rush in west is what drove them there

Anti-Chinese Sentiment

Lots of racism towards Chinese immigrants, thought chinese would take our jobs and pose monopolies over products

Page Act of 1875

Law that restricted the importantion of women for immoral purposes

Concerned that Chinese women coming in were prostututes

More chinese men in country than women

Chinese Exlcusion Act of 1882

Restricted Chinese immigration for 10 years

Exceptions for teachers, students, merchants, travelers, and diplomats

Prohibited Chinese youth immigrants from ___ ____

Regular schools

Alien Contract Labor Law of 1885

Prohibited the importation of foreign contract workers in the US (because they thought they were taking our jobs)

Immigration Act of 1917

Required immigrants to take literacy tests

Undesirable immigrants banned from entering (homosexual, criminals, feeble-minded persons, etc)

Immigration Law

Immigrant law Ssparate from typical criminal process with different facilities (process a lot more hidden from public view)

Immigration Laws today

More immigrant law today after 9/11

War on Terror

heightened surveillance of all immigrants

More detainment (including arrests for minor traffic violations)

USA Patriot Act

More detained immigrants when under extreme surveillance — often detained without bond

Department of Homeland Security

Created ICE

The National Security Entry-Exit Registration System

Post 9/11 required men from certain Muslim countries to reigster their names and fingerprints to the government

Lots were detained just under suspicion

Which immigrants are most targeted?

Mexican despite no empirical evidence saying they commit more crimes

Rise in Immigrant Detentions

Trump caused more detainment of immigrant populations

Privatization of Immigrant Detention

Earning lots of money from ICE contracts, lawsuits over forced labor

Trump led to ___ ___ of immigrants

Less regulation

Less medical care

Deaths that could have been preventable

Immigrant deaths were ___

Underreported

Deportations Under Title 42

Title 42: public health statute invoked during COVID-19

Allowed for rapid expulsion of migrants at the border without the normal court process (got rid of sick Migrants or Migrants who came from place with sickness)

Implemented under trump

Bidens influence on Title 42

Historic high of deportations under Biden with Title 42

Implemented by Trump and continued

Effects of Mass Deportation

No budgets, not enough room

Even if Trump is elected, Mass deportation likely can’t happen

Current system almost at max capacity

Social Disorganization Theory

Higher social disorganization, more crime

Disruptions in social control/ no conformity lead to crime

Low socioeconomic status, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility

Immigrant Revitalization Perspective

Influx of immigrants into a community can have positive effects on a community

How can immigrants positively influence a community?

Strengthening social networks

Introducing cultural values/ challenging crime

Which immigrants have strongest social ties

Latino

Social ties provide ___ through hardship

Support

Familism definition

Attachment to family and feelings of loyalty, respect, reciprocity, and solidarity toward family members

Immigrant communities relationship with crime results

either negative relationship or no relationship

In places with more instibility, large disruptions such as introduction of immigrants can __ __ __ ___

lead to more crime

Sanctuary Cities

More efforts for english classes

Limiting the ability of local law enforcement to arrest people for immigration violations

Refusing to allow ICE into local jails

General Strain Theory

When people experience strain or stress, they feel negative emotions

THese emotions create pressures for coping

Some coping stategies are unhealthy- such as through crime and delinquency

More strains, more or less likely to cope through deviance

More

Social control theory/ social bonds

More bonds to society lead to less crime

Low self-control theory

Poor impulse control/ attraction to risky behavior makes people more likely to engage in crime

Inability to consider long term conseuqneces

Social learning theory

People learn to commit crimes through the same process they use to learn to conform

If you’re surrounded by groups that reward delinquency you learn to engage through modeling, reinforcement, etc

Dark side of assimilation

Children of immigrants tend to have similar crime rates to native born persons

Migrant Crime Wave

false republican belief that immigrants are causing more crime

Blame biden

Not a lot of evidence to show this is true

Villinization of immigrants

Crimmigration

a body of immigration law that deals with criminal offenses and how they impact a person's immigration status.

Refugee definition

People who have been forced to leave their country due to war, violence, or persecution, and are unable to return home safelty

Rufugees are __ __ __ __ __

Granted certain rights and protections

Asylum seekers definition

People who have applied for asylum in a country, but whose claim for refugee status has not yet been approved

Asylum seekers must prove to ___ that they meet the criteria to be covered by ___ ___

Authorities

Protection

Asylees are eligable for ___ and __

benefits and services through HHS (include english classes, job training etc)

True or false: Asylees can apply for social security and employment authoritization

True

What is an Asylee

an asylee is someone who is already inside the United States and has been granted asylum status, meaning they are not considered to be "out of the country

3 negative things Asylees experience

Language barriers, discrimination, high rental prices

Lawful permanent residency term

Green card

How long until asylees can apply for a green card

1 year

Asylum grants have incrased on decreased

Fluctuated

What demographic makes up most asylum approvals

Chinese

What is Asylum Backlog

Pending asylum cases

Are there higher or lower levels of displacement for refugees and asyluees

higher

What is the Venezuela Crisis

People fleeing Venezuela in attempts to escape widespread violence and poverty

Economic collapse and hunger

Widespread violence and poverty

Aurora incident explained

Owner of the apartments was being sued for safety hazards and his rebuttal was Im not to plame its the venezualian gang causing this. The men in the video weren’t even gang members

Women seeking asylum face ___

gender-based violence and victimization

Undocumented persons have higher or lower rates of victimization

Higher

What types of victimization do women face when waiting for immigrant status

Sexual abuse, trafficking, and exploitation

Why are there sex trafficking concerns for undocumented persons

They feel like its there only choice

Vulnerable

Labor exploitation

Children ending up in dangeorus jobs

HHS checks on immigrant minors every month but …

They typically dont keep track of them at all

Caseworkers are ___ to get kids out

rushing

Many children face what?

Pressure to earn money

What is one of the strongest correlates of criminality?

Sex/gender

Most criminological theories are based on ___

Men

Do men or women commit more crimes

Men

Why has research focused mainly on men

Female criminality viewed as niche and specialized

Less significant crimes typically

The gender gap in crime is ___ and why

narrowing

women are getting arrested more

Women are getting caught more for what

Drug violations

The liberation hypotheses

When women have more social power and freedom, they have more opportunities to commit crime

icnreased or decreased convictions for women and increased or decreased convictions for men

increased, decreased

Economic marginalization hypotheses

As women experience more economic strains relative to men, the gender gap in crime may narrow

Why is poverty worse for women?

Harder for them to get out of it

Lombroso female crime beliefs

Criminal because of biology

More defects

What did Lombrosso think about women who deviate

Biological defects, simple and less rational, offending women are masculine

Lombrosso believed that females are more or less evolved than men

Less

The Atavistic female offender

Measured females heads, heights, weight, genetalia, moles, etc

Women with ___ were deemed more primitive and more criminal

Stronger jaws, cheekbones, and coarser features

Less attractive

Two cateogires of women

Bad and good

Bad women characteristics

Primitive, masculine, less attractive

Good woman characteristics

Feminine, law-abiding, civilized

Frued beliefs

Women have penis envy

Women who engage in deviance want to be men. They are sad that they are the weaker sex.

Otto Pollack Criminality of Women

Women aren’t less deviant, they’re just better at hiding it because they are manipoulative and deceitful

early feminism approach

Criticized how socially undesirable cahracteristics were attributed to women who deviate, called attention to structure , said early theroies were sexist and racist

Strain anomie theory

Deviant behavior is the result of the gap between culturally defined success goals and the prescribed means to achieve them

The gap is called anomie

General strain theory

Strain → anger → crime/delinquency

Strains: failure to achieve positve goals, loss of something valued, negative event

Strain theory uses crime as ___ __

criminal coping

Do men or women experience more strains

Women

What types of strains to females typically endure?

Interpersonal problems with family and friends

Females tend to respond to strains how

ANger, depression, guilt, anxiety, etc

Social bonds theory

More bonds to society less likely to deviate

Does social bonds theory work with women?

Yes
Women tend to have more social bonds

Low self-control theory

Individuals with low self-control are more likely to deviate

Pursue their own interestes, impulsive, short-sited

Self-control instilled by parenting

Girls parented differntly than boys, parents more controlling of girls

Harsher punishments

Victimization and offending

High correlation, most women who engage in fcrime have histories of childhood abuse

Which specific offense for women is most traced to abuse

Drug related

Waht form of victimization typically leads to violence in women

Partner abuse

True or false: women in prison dont usually have mental health problems or drug use problems

False

Gendered pathways

Focuses on girls life hisotires

Recognizes the roles of violence and trauma

Considers race/ethnicity influence

Adolescent female crime

Typically fleeing away from abusive homes, drug use, stealing, etc

Adultification