biology topic 2.1 molecules to metabolism

understandings

• molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved.

• carbon atoms can form four bonds allowing a diversity of compounds to exist

• life is based on carbon compounds including

  1. carbohydrates

  2. lipids

  3. proteins

  4. nucleic acids

• metabolism is the web of all enzyme catalyzed reactions that take place withing a cell or organism

• anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules including the formation of macro molecules from monomers by condensation reactions.

• catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macro molecules into monomers

carbohydrates

provides energy for cell processes, allows storage for energy

example

1. monosaccharides,

2. disaccharides,

3. poly,

4. glucose,

lipids

used to store energy: fat in humans (saturated, solid at room temp), oils in plants (unsaturated fats, liquid at room temp), C,H,O

proteins

essentia, for cell processes

nucleic acids

DNA or RNA.

smallest protein=amino acids,

(20 unique and naturally occurring ones)

C,H,O,N,P

1 amino acid+ 1 amino acid=

dipeptide

nucleitide

5 base sugar

carbon,

phosphate base,

nitrogen base

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living thing, catalyzed reactions, how fast it takes to grow things like hair, nails, etc

catabolism

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

(ie digestion of food, respiration)

anabolism

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules, including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions

(ie photosynthesis, protein synthesis)

carboxyle group

c = O, - O,H

hydrocarbon chain

dipeptide

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

1 triglycerol

3 fatty acid chains and 1 glyceride

triglyceride

glucose + glucose

MALTOSE

glucose +fructose

SUCROSE

glucose + galactose

LACTOSE

polysaccharides consist of which monosaccharides linked together?

• starch,

• chitin,

• glycogen,

• cellulose

which end of water molecule contains positive charge?

hydrogen end

three examples of a monosaccharide

• glucose,

• galactose,

• fructose

three examples of a disaccharide

• maltose

• lactose

• sucrose

three examples of a polysaccharide

• starch

• cellulose

• glycogen

which carbohydrate in animals functions to store energy till needed by its metabolism?

glycogen

three parts of a nucleotide

sugar deoxyribose, a base (ATCG), phosphate group

nitrogen bases of DNA molecule?

• adenine

• guanine

• cytosine

• thymine

define ENZYME

proteins which

• act as biological catalysts of chemical reactions,

• speed up metabolic reactions,

• do not become part of end product

where is the active site?

on the enzyme

three factors that can alter an enzyme's activity

• temperature,

• pH levels, -

• substrate concentration

if a protein becomes denatured, what has happened to it?

their bonds have broken

enzyme shape and overall structure is disrupted and no longer the same

three components of RNA molecule?

• phosphate group,

• nitrogen base,

• 5 carbon sugar

what elements are in fatty acids AND glycerol?

• carbon,

• hydrogen

• oxygen

what elements are present in amino acids?

• carbon,

• hydrogen,

• oxygen,

• nitrogen

describe the difference between an amino acid molecule and protein molecule

amino acids make up proteins, therefore a protein is a chain of multiple amino acids.

the type of protein depends on the variable group of the amino acids

glucose molecule

saturated vs unsaturateded fatty acid molecule

Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

ribose diagram

polymer which contains a-glucose

• starch

• glycogen

• amylose

• amylopectin

polymer which contains ribose

• ribonucleic acid

• RNA

Distinguish between the formation and breaking down of a polymer.

• in polymer formation, condensation reaction occurs but in the breaking down of a polymer a hydrolysis reaction occurs

• in polymer formation, one molecule of water

  is produced but in the breaking down of a polymer water molecules are split/added

• polymer formation is an anabolic reaction and breaking down a polymer is a catabolic reaction

Compare and contrast carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

Carbohydrates	Proteins	Lipids
Organic macromolecules	Organic macromolecules	Organic macromolecules
Formed by condensation reaction	Formed by condensation reaction	Formed by condensation reaction
Composed of C, H, and O	Composed of C, H, O, N and sometimes S	Composed of C, H, and O
Monomers are monosaccharides	Monomers are amino acids	Made out of fatty acids and glycerol