Chapter 11: The Basic Principles of Heredity
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Last updated 9:27 PM on 7/28/22
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22 Terms
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Independent assortment
________ occurs because there are two ways in which two pairs of homologous chromosomes can be arranged at metaphase I of meiosis.
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Mendels principle
According to ________ of segregation, during meiosis the alleles for each locus separate, or segregate, from each other.
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sex of humans
The ________ and other mammals is determined by the X and Y chromosomes.
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Recombination
________ of linked genes can result from crossing- over (breaking and rejoining of homologous chromatids) in meiotic prophase I.
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Polygenic inheritance
In ________ multiple independent pairs of genes may have similar and additive effects on the phenotype.
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Test cross
A(n) ________ between an individual of unknown genotype and a recessive individual helps determine the unknown genotype.
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Haploid gametes
When ________ are formed, each contains only one allele for each locus.
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Epistasis
In ________ an allele of one locus can mask the expression of alleles of a different locus.
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norm of reaction
The genes that affect height set the ________- that is, the limits- for the phenotype, and the environment molds the phenotype within its ________.
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Segregation of alleles
________ is a direct result of homologous chromosomes separating during meiosis.
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Diploid individual
A(n) ________ has any two of the alleles; a haploid individual or gamete has only one.
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incomplete dominance
Dominance does not always apply; some alleles demonstrate ________, in which the heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype, or codominance, in which the heterozygote simultaneously expresses the phenotypes of both homozygotes.
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Genes
________ are in chromosomes, and the site a(n) ________ occupies in the chromosome is its locus.
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Product rule
According to the ________, the probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the probabilities of each event occurring separately.
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Pleiotropy
________ is the ability of one gene to have several effects on different characters.
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Range of phenotypic
The ________ possibilities that can develop from a single genotype under different environmental conditions is known as the norm of reaction.
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X chromosome
The ________ contains many important genes unrelated to sex determination that are required by both males and females.
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inheritance of height
Many genes are involved in the ________ in humans.
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height
Also, ________ is modified by a variety of environmental conditions, such as diet and general health.
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identical alleles
An individual that carries two ________ is homozygous for that locus.
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Independent assortment
________ does not apply if two loci are linked close together on the same pair of homologous chromosomes.
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independent assortment
To distinguish between ________ of unlinked genes and linked genes, perform a two- point test cross between an individual that is heterozygous at both loci and an individual that is homozygous recessive for both.