NUTRITION IN THE LIFE STAGES 1

AUGUST 3, FIRST DAY

NUTRITION

The science of nutrients in foods and their actions within the body. It also encompasses the study of human behaviors related to food and eating.

FOOD

Products derived from plants or animals that can be consumed to yield energy and nutrients for the maintenance of life, as well as the growth and repair of tissues.

NUTRIENTS

Chemical substances obtained from food and used by the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support the growth, maintenance, and repair of the body's tissues.

NUTRITION

IT IS AN INPUT TO AND FOUNDATION FOR HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT

NON-MODIFIABLE

AGE, SEX, GENETICS- RISK FACTORS

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS

WEIGHT, HEIGHT KIND OF RISK FACTORS

LOW BIRTH WEIGHT

LESS THAN 2500G

Food Security:

A condition in which all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

Food Insecurity:

A condition in which people experience limited or uncertain availability of safe, nutritious foods, or a limited ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.

CELLS

building blocks, what is it

HOMEOSTASIS

body's ability to keep its internal environment stable and balanced despite changes in the external environment.

Malnutrition:

A disorder of nutritional status resulting from a deficiency or excess of nutrient intake, an imbalance of essential nutrients, or impaired nutrient metabolism.

Nutrigenomics:

The study of nutrient-gene interactions and the overall effect of these interactions on health and disease risk.

Primary

nutrition comes from the food and drinks you consume. It provides the nutrients your body needs for energy, growth, repair, and normal body functions.

secondary

nutrition is used in some wellness and holistic health approaches. It refers to the non-food factors that influence your overall health and well-being.

Adequacy:

Foods should provide all of the essential nutrients, fiber, and energy in amounts sufficient to support growth and maintain health.

Variety:

Including a lot of different foods in the diet, which means eating foods from different food groups and different foods within each of those food groups.

Moderation:

Not taking anything into extremes; consuming appropriate portion sizes to avoid excessive intake of any food component.

Balance:

Consuming enough, but not too much or too little, from all the different food groups to ensure proper nutrient distribution.

Preconception

The time before or between pregnancies, which is often overlooked as a stage of the reproductive cycle.

Fertility

: The actual production of children.

Infertility:

The failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected and routine sexual intercourse, affecting many reproductive-age couples attempting pregnancy.

Mediterranean Diet

High consumption of vegetables (including pulses/legumes), fruits, olive oil, refined carbohydrates, low-fat dairy, poultry, oily fish, and red wine.

Homocysteine

amino acid in the blood that the body normally breaks down with the help of vitamins B6, B12, and folate. High levels may increase the risk of heart and blood vessel diseases.

Methionine:

. An essential amino acid obtained from food that helps build proteins and supports growth.

Cysteine:

• A non-essential amino acid that the body can make from methionine and that helps build proteins and protect cells from damage.

atherosclerosis

it is the hardenng of the blood vessel

gut microbiome

collection of trillions of microorganisms living in the digestive tract that help digest food, produce vitamins, support the immune system, and maintain overall gut health.

Acetate, propionate, and butyrate

beneficial short-chain fatty acids made by gut bacteria from dietary fiber. They provide energy, support gut health, and help maintain normal body functions.

less than or equal to 200mg caffeine per day

mg caffeine per day of pregnant

Female Athlete Triad

a condition that can occur in physically active girls and women when they do not get enough energy (calories) to support both exercise and normal body functions.

Menstruation

A phase of the human reproductive cycle where the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) is shed.

Menstrual Cycle Duration:

Lasts for 28 days on average, calculated from the first day of one period up to the first day of the next period.

Ovulation:

The release of an egg from the ovary, which typically occurs around Day 14 of a standard 28-day cycle.

Estrogen

: A hormone that regulates female development, the menstrual cycle, and bone health.

Progesterone

a hormone produced mainly by the ovaries after ovulation (by the corpus luteum) and later by the placenta during pregnancy.

zygote

sperm from a male meets an ovum from a female and called

pregnancy

a tern used to describe the period in which a fetus develops inside a womans womb or uterus

Corpus Luteum:

The structure that primarily produces progesterone in early pregnancy. Its functions include:

• Increasing blood flow to the womb.

• Stimulating endometrial glands to produce nutrients for the growing embryo.

• Promoting the thickening of the endometrial wall.

• Helping to build the placenta.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

: A hormone that signals the body to prepare for pregnancy.

• Directs increased blood flow to the pelvis and kidneys.

• Regulates levels of progesterone and estrogen.

• Detectable in early pregnancy testing (ET) within 7 to 9 days.

Trophoblast Placental Cells:

Specialized cells in the placenta that convert cholesterol from the mother's blood into progesterone.

Estrogen:

Maintains control over the release of other essential pregnancy hormones.

• Assists in fetal organ development.

• Stimulates the growth of the placenta.

• Supports the expansion and growth of maternal breast tissue.

Placental Lactogen:

Prepares the maternal mammary glands for milk production and breastfeeding.

RAAS (Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System)

is a hormone system that helps regulate blood pressure, fluid balance, and sodium levels.

progesterone

Promotes relaxation of smooth muscles, which can slow digestion and cause constipation during pregnancy.

placenta

an organ that nourishes, protects, and supports the fetus by providing oxygen and nutrients, removing wastes, and producing hormones needed to maintain pregnancy.

placenta

It connects the mother and the developing fetus through the umbilical cord and plays a vital role in supporting the baby's growth and maintaining pregnancy.

GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION

hypertension after 20 weeks

CHRONIC HTN

hypertensive before pregnancy

pre eclampsia

pregnancy complication characterized mainly by high blood pressure (hypertension) that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy, often with signs of problems involving organs such as the kidneys, liver, brain, or placenta or protenuria

eclampsia

a severe complication of pregnancy in which a woman with preeclampsia develops seizures (convulsions). It can occur during pregnancy, during labor, or after delivery (postpartum eclampsia).

superimposed preeclampsia

with chronic hypertension and preeclampsia

MAMMOGENESIS

The development of the mammary gland and related structures within the breast that starts during the fetal period and continues to adulthood.

mammary gland

is the source of milk for offspring, also commonly called the breast.

LACTOGENESIS

refers to breast milk production

Prolactin and oxytocin

two main hormones needed for establishing and maintaining a milk supply.

suckling

Refers to a baby feeding from the breast.

Sucking:

Refers to a baby feeding from a bottle.

Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation (FIL)

• Definition: A polypeptide present in breast milk.

• Function: Enables the amount of milk produced to be determined by how much milk the baby takes (autocrine/local regulation of milk supply).

Colostrum

yellow-orange, thick, sticky fluid that assumes its color from beta-carotene.

Executive Order No. 51 (1986)

Philippine Milk Code (National Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes, Breastmilk Supplements and Other Related Products)

Republic Act No. 7600 (1992):

Rooming-in and Breastfeeding Act of 1992

Rooming-in:

The practice of placing the newborn in the same room as the mother right after delivery up to discharge to facilitate mother-infant bonding and initiate breastfeeding.

Wet Nursing

: The feeding of a newborn from another mother's breast when his or her own mother cannot breastfeed.

Infant Formula:

The breast milk substitute formulated industrially in accordance with applicable Codex Alimentarius standards to satisfy the normal nutritional requirements of infants up to 6 months of age and adapted to their physiological characteristics.

infancy

The period from birth to approximately 2 years of age (24 months).

Growth:

Refers to a process of quantitative change in the child's physical body and size (e.g., height, weight, head circumference).

Development

: Defined as the qualitative change or progress that occurs in a child during the lifespan from birth to adolescence (e.g., skill acquisition, motor abilities, cognitive and emotional capacity).

Exclusive Breastfeeding:

Giving an infant only breast milk (including milk expressed or from a wet nurse) for the first 6 months of life, with no other liquids or solids—not even water.

Complementary Feeding:

The process of introducing other foods and liquids alongside breast milk starting at 6 months of age (180 days), when breast milk alone is no longer sufficient to meet the nutritional requirements of the infant.

childhood

Covers the years from age 1 through the beginning of adolescence.

food jags

Mild selectivity in food choices.

dawdling

When a child lingers, plays, or "tittle-tattles" with their food during mealtime, prolonging the meal unnecessarily.

gagging

The child feels like vomiting or retching during eating.

food aversions

Strong dislike or refusal of specific foods.