LESSON 10 (Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, Lichens, and Slime Molds)

Fungi

Nutritional type: Chemoheterotroph

Multicellularity: All except **yeasts**

Cellular Arrangement: Unicellular, filamentous, fleshy

Food Acquisition Method: Absorptive

Characteristic Features: **Sexual** and **Asexual** **pores**

Embryo Formation: None

\*Most are **decomposers**

\***Aerobic** or facultatively **anaerobic** and have few anaerobic

\*Eukaryotic

Algae

Kingdom: Protist

Nutritional type: **Photoautotroph**

Multicellularity: Some

Cellular Arrangement: Unicellular, colonial, filamentous; tissues

Food Acquisition Method: Absorptive

Characteristic Features: Pigments

Embryo Formation: None

\*Eukaryotic

Protozoa

Kingdom: Protist

Nutritional type: Chemoheterotroph

Multicellularity: None

Cellular Arrangement: Unicellular

Food Acquisition Method: Absorptive; ingestive

Characteristic Features: **Motility**; some form cysts

Embryo Formation: None

\*Eukaryotic

\*Aseuxal or Sexual reproduction

\*Can be either motile or non-motile

\*Some **intracellular** (within cells)**parasites**

\***Complex** **life cycles**

Helminths

Kingdom: **Animalia**

Nutritional type: Chemoautotroph

Multicellularity: All

Cellular Arrangement: **Tissues** and **Organs**

Food Acquisition Method: Ingestive; absorptive

Characteristic Features: Many have elaborate life cycles, including **egg, larva, and adult**

Embryo Formation: All

Hyphae

The fungal thallus (body) consists of _ (filaments).

Mycelium

A mass of hyphae is a _.

Fission Yeasts

They divide **symmetrically**

Ex. Schizosaccharomyces

Budding Yeasts

They divide **asymmetrically**

Ex. Saccharomyces

Oxygen/ Organic Compound

Yeast can use _ as the final electron acceptor

Dimorphism

_ is temperature and CO2 dependent

\*Fungi are yeast at 37degrees & Mold at 25degrees

Systemic mycoses

Deep within body

Subcutaneous mycoses

Beneath the skin

Cutaneous mycoses

Affect hair, skin, nails

Superficial mycoses

Localized, e.g., hair shafts

Opportunistic mycoses

Caused by normal microbiota or fungi that are normally harmless

Ascospore

Sexual Spores:

Formed in a **sac** (ascus)

Basidiospore

Sexual Spores:

Formed externally on a **pedestal** (basidium)

Zygospore

Sexual Spores:

**Fusion** of **haploid** **cells** produces one zygospore

Teleomorphic fungi

Produce sexual and asexual spores.

Anamorphic fungi

Produce asexual spores only.

rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota, a few are Basidiomycota

Phylum Phaeophyta

**Brown algae**(kelp)

**Cellulose** + **alginic** acid cell walls

**Multicellular**

**Chlorophyll** **a** and **c**, xanthophylls

Store **carbohydrates**

**Harvested** for **algin**

Phylum Rhodophyta

**Red algae**

**Cellulose** cell walls

Most **multicellular**

**Chlorophyll** **a** and **d**, **phycobiliproteins**

Store **glucose** polymer

**Harvested** for **agar** and **carrageenan**

Phylum Chlorophyta

**Green** **algae**

**Cellulose** cell walls

**Unicellular** or **multicellular**

**Chlorophyll** **a** and **b**

Store **glucose** polymer

Gave **rise** to **plants** in evolutionary time

Phylum Bacillariophyta

**Diatoms**

**Pectin** and **silica** cell walls

**Unicellular**

**Chlorophyll** **a** and **c**, **carotene**, **xanthophylls**

**Produce** **domoic acid** (neurological disease)

Phylum Dinoflagellata

**Cellulose** in plasma membrane

**Unicellular**

**Chlorophyll a** and **c**, **carotene**, **xanthins**

Store **starch**

Some are **symbionts** in marine animals

Neurotoxins **cause** **paralytic** shellfish **poisoning**

Phylum Oomycota

“**Water** **molds**”

**Cellulose** cell walls

**Multicellular**

**Chemoheterotrophic**

**Produce zoospores**

**Decomposers** and **plant** **parasites**

Lichens

Part Fungi and Algae

Mutualistic **combination** of a green alga (or **cyanobacterium**) & **fungus**

Alga produces and secretes **carbohydrates**, fungus provides **holdfast** and may make some **nutrients**/**minerals** more available to the alga

Useful biological **indicators** of **air** **pollution**

Primary **food** **source** for **caribou** (reindeer)

Phylum Archaezoa

**No mitochondria** (unique organelle –__mitosome__)

**Multiple flagella**

Phylum Rhizopoda

**Amoebas**

**Move** by **pseudopods**

Trichomonas vaginalis

Has **no cyst stage**

Entamoeba histolytica

_ is a **pathogen** in **human** **intestine**

Acanthamoeba

_ growing in water and can **infect** the **cornea**

Phylum Ciliophora

**Move** by **cilia**

Complex cells

Balantidium coli

_ is the **only** **human** **parasite**

Euglenozoa

Move by **flagella**

**Photoautotrophs**

**Chemoheterotrophs**

Cellular Slime Molds

Have **both** **fungal** and **amoebal** **characteristics** but closely related to amoeba

Resemble amoebas, **ingest** **bacteria** by __phagocytosis__

Cells aggregate into stalked fruiting body

**Some** **cells** become **spores**

Plasmodial slime molds

**Multinucleated** large cells

**Cytoplasm** separates into **stalked** **sporangia**

Nuclei undergo **meiosis** and form **uninucleate** **haploid** **spores**