Biology HONORS Cheese Unit 6 Part 2 Review Based On the Ninety-two Slides of Teaching Material Found on Google Slides Through Schoology

Definition taken from slides. Cheese🧀🪤

Classification

Grouping organisms/objects based on qualities they have in common (share).

Taxonomy

The science of classifying and naming organisms, classifying is helpful for these reasons:

• Accurate and uniform names for organisms

• Use one language(Latin) for names

• Prevent inaccurate names

Binomial Nomenclature

Modern system of naming organisms, each name have two words, first word is its genus (capitalized first letter), second word is its species (all lowercase).

Ex: Homo sapien

Homo (capitalized) = Genus

sapien (lowercase) = Species

Taxon

A category into which “alike” organisms are placed

Cladogram

Diagram showing how organisms are related, based on shared, derived characteristics

Derived Characteristics

Traits unique to a group of organisms, like features, backbone, or hair

Evolution

Theory that a population or species changes over time

Species

A group of organisms that share similar characteristics that live together and can reproduce with one another to make fertile offspring: evolution can happen to this

Population

A group of individuals of the same species living together in an area: evolution can happen to this

Natural Selection

Individuals with traits that better allow them to interact with their environment, survive, and reproduce more successfully than those that do not have those traits

Over time, you will see an accumulation of favorable traits across generations, and more of these traits will be seen in the population, and this will change which traits are most common in a population, as well as increase the species’ chance of survival

Fitness

an organism’s ability to survive, reproduce, and pass on its genes to the next generation

Acquired Traits

Traits gained during your lifetime, not coded for in DNA, can not be passed down

Principles of Natural Selection

1. Variation

2. Competition

3. Overproduction of Offspring

4. Adaptation/Descent with modification

Variation

Variety (different) versions of traits that exist in a population

Ex. different hair colors, heights

Overproduction of offspring

Organisms producing more offspring than the environment can support, some will live and others will die, with their traits playing a role in this

Competition

Created by over production, and when there’s not enough resources it leads to fights for resources, some traits allows for organisms to get resources more easily.

Adaptation

Advantageous traits will accumulate in the population, beneficial traits become more common, and vice versa. Over time, future generations begin to look different from past generations.

Any traits that improve an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment it is inherited, and all species have experienced adaptation and will continue to slowly adapt as the next generations are born.

Artificial Selection

Nature provides the variety and HUMANS determine which traits are the preferred ones

Bell Curve Graph

This is a graph for a single trait; the most common version of the trait is at the top, while the less common versions are the curve's edges. Environmental changes will change the bell curves by moving the peak of the curve, widening/narrowing the bell, or both.

Directional Selection

A less common version of the trait is the best fit, shifts the peak of the bell left or right

Ex. Human height

Stabilizing Selection

Most common trait in the population is the best fit, this increases the height of the peak and narrow the bell

Ex. woodchucks with midtone fur colors

Disruptive Selection

Two opposing forms of the traits are both more common for a population, this results in two peaks on opposite sides of the graph. Not as common, but usually seen with a group isolated into two and both exposed to different pressure, but still are the same species.

Evidence for evolution

1. Anatomical structures

2. Embryological development

3. Molecular Similarities (DNA)

4. Paleontology

Homologous Structures

Body parts that have the same structures but different functions

Ex. Forelimbs of human, bat, cat, alligator, etc

Evidence of a common ancestor

Analogous Structures

Body parts that have different structures but same functions

Ex. Butterfly wing/bird wing

Evidence of similar environmental pressures/natural selection

Vestigial Structures

Present, unused(nonfunctional) organism

Ex. tailbone

Evidence of common ancestors, natural selection, change over time

Embryological Development

Different organisms can share developmental stages or anatomical features during development, suggesting a common ancestor. The more they are closely related, the more commonalities during development.

Molecular Similarities (DNA)

The more they are closely related, the more similarities they will have in gene sequences, the more gene similarities, the more similarities in a.a. sequences for the same proteins. Therefore, having more proteins in common, this evidence is more specific and accurate than structural features.

Paleontology

Study of prehistoric life by comparing current and extinct species to show change or get clues about past environments and see how organisms change

Biogeography

Study of the distribution of fossils in comparison to similar species that exist currently

Shows that newer, slightly different species exist in the same areas that prehistoric versions of those same species used to exist.

Fossil Record

Incomplete, as many do not form fossils, over time we see that organisms became increasingly complex

Physical Adaptations

Changes to body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself, and reproduce. Helps an animal survive in its environment

Behavioral Adaptations

The way an animal acts or behaves to stay alive. Allows for animals to respond to life needs

Instinctive Behaviors

A group of behavioral adaptations. Happen naturally (passed on genetically) and don’t need to be taught or learned

Learned Behaviors

A group of behavioral adaptations. Comes from experience and are not present in an animal at its birth. They are not born knowing how to do these things.

Genetic Drift

Chance event, and changes genes that make up a population

Not influenced by fitness, environment, or whether the allele is beneficial

Affects small populations more

Things that enhance the effect of this:

Bottleneck effect - population size is reduced a lot

Founder Effect - a new colony started by only a few members of the original population

Gene Flow

Genes move into or out of a population, can remove an entire gene/trait

Ex. Migration

Non-Random Mating

A trait that increased mating success is more likely to get passed down as organism chooses their mate

Mutation

Changes in DNA can add or remove alleles

Genetic Equilibrium

Happens when natural selection isn’t

No changes in the allele frequencies, population is not changing

This only happens if certain conditions are met, natural selection is NOT one of them

Speciation

One species becomes two separate/distinct species, both populations become separate, no flow of genetics between them

Geographic Isolation

One population is divided in two by a physical barrier, like canyon, mountain range, sand bar, river, etc.

Reproductive Isolation

Two groups can no longer interbreed

Behavioral Barriers

Differences in mating behaviors (mating dances, mating calls, locations they mate in)

Timing Barriers

Differences in mating times that keep organism from mating (times of year, times of day, etc)

Gradualism

Small changes in a species over a long period of time

Punctuated Equilibrium

Long periods of little to no change, interspersed with abrupt changes

Convergent Evolution

Unrelated species, in the same types of environments, evolve the same traits

Divergent Evolution/Adaptive Radiation

Closely related species become increasingly different as small changes accumulate in different environments.

Diference is time scale:

divergent - species becoming very different from ancestors over long time; adaptive

radiation - smaller changes in a shorter time span

Co-evolution

2 or more species that live in close proximity and interact, change in response to each other

Extinction

A species all die and there are no longer any alive on the planet