Biology I Spring Exam Review

Flashcards for Biology I Spring Exam Review

Define 'haploid'.

Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

Define 'diploid'.

Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Define 'centrioles'.

A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

Define 'nucleus'.

The central and most important part of an object or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth.

Define 'nucleolus'.

A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase.

Define 'sister chromatid'.

Two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome that are connected by a centromere.

Define 'chromosome'.

A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Define 'gene'.

A unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

Define 'alleles'.

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Define 'centromere'.

The region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach, via the kinetochore, during cell division.

Define 'spindle fibers'.

Filaments that form the mitotic spindle in cell division.

Define 'cytokinesis'.

The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.

Define 'autosomes'.

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

Define 'homologous chromosomes'.

A set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis.

Define 'somatic cells'.

Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

Define 'sex cells'.

A gamete (egg or sperm) that contains a single set of chromosomes.

Define 'fertilization'.

The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Define 'zygote'.

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

Define 'karyotype'.

The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

Define 'sex chromosomes'.

A chromosome involved with determining the sex of an organism, typically one of two kinds.

Define 'synapsis'.

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

Define 'crossing-over'.

The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

Define 'independent assortment of chromosomes'.

The random orientation of homologous chromosome pairs during meiosis I, leading to genetic variation.

Define 'nondisjunction'.

The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.

Define 'aneuploid'.

Having an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell.

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Cellular reproduction/proliferation, growth, and tissue repair.

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Sexual reproduction; production of genetically unique gametes.

Name the stages of mitosis.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Name the stages of meiosis.

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Cytokinesis, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II.

What skills are required for Mendelian Genetics questions on the exam?

Multiple choice questions and constructing Punnett Squares to answer follow-up questions.

What are the parental, F1, and F2 generations?

P is the parent generation, F1 is the first filial generation (offspring of P), and F2 is the second filial generation (offspring of F1).

Define 'homozygous'.

Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

Define 'heterozygous'.

Having two different alleles for a particular gene.

Define 'genotype'.

The genetic constitution of an individual organism.

Define 'phenotype'.

The set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

Name two types of genetic crosses.

Monohybrid and Dihybrid crosses.

Describe Mendelian inheritance.

Dominance/recessive inheritance patterns.

Describe incomplete dominance.

Blending of two traits (e.g., red and white flowers producing pink flowers).

Describe codominance.

Both traits are fully expressed (e.g., blood typing).

What are the possible genotypes for Type A blood?

IAIA , IAi

What are the possible genotypes for Type B blood?

IB IB , IBi

What is the genotype for Type O blood?

ii

What is the genotype for Type AB blood?

IAIB

What are sex-linked traits?

Traits that are carried on the sex chromosomes (X and Y).

How is sex determined in humans?

XX - female, XY - male

What skills are required regarding pedigrees?

Being able to interpret a pedigree, which may denote inheritance of a particular trait or disorder.

Name three people involved with understanding DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

Griffiths, Watson & Crick, Franklin

Define 'transformation'.

The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).

Define 'nucleotide'.

A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

Define 'sugar-phosphate backbone'.

The structural framework of nucleic acids, composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

Name the nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA.

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine (DNA), and Uracil (RNA).

What are Chargaff's base pairing rules?

Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) in DNA, and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

Describe the structure of DNA.

Double helix.

List the differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA: double-stranded, deoxyribose sugar, thymine. RNA: single-stranded, ribose sugar, uracil.

List the similarities between DNA and RNA.

Both have a sugar-phosphate backbone, use guanine, adenine, and cytosine, and are involved in protein synthesis.

Define 'complementary strand'.

A sequence of DNA that corresponds to the coding strand of DNA.

Define 'leading strand'.

The strand of DNA that is continuously synthesized during replication.

Define 'lagging strand'.

The strand of DNA that is synthesized in fragments (Okazaki fragments) during replication.

Define 'Okazaki fragments'.

Short sequences of DNA nucleotides which are synthesized discontinuously and later linked together by the enzyme DNA ligase to create the lagging strand during DNA replication.

Define 'helicase'.

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during replication.

Define 'DNA polymerase'.

An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands during replication.

Define 'DNA ligase'.

An enzyme that joins DNA fragments together.

Name the types of RNA.

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA.

Summarize transcription.

DNA is transcribed into mRNA.

Summarize translation.

mRNA is translated into protein.

What is the contribution of Charles Darwin to the theory of evolution?

Natural Selection.

What is the contribution of Jean Baptiste Lamarck to the theory of evolution?

Use and disuse OR inheritance of acquired traits.

Define 'fitness' in evolutionary terms.

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Define 'adaptation'.

A trait or characteristic that enhances an organism's survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

How do you determine if Natural Selection has occurred?

Has the frequency of traits changed over time? Does the trait vary among individuals? Is the trait influenced by genes passed from parents to offspring? Are individuals with a certain trait variation more likely to reproduce than others?

What skills are required regarding Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees?

Answering questions and being able to construct one.