Skeletons

What are the three types of skeletons

Hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, endoskeleton

Sponges have \_______ that support their body and can deter predators, they can be composed of calcium carbonate, silica, or spongin

spicules

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Body cavity has a fixed volume which changes shape when muscles contract

Calcium carbonate skeleton

Invertebrates

Calcium phosphate skeleton

Vertebrates

Chitin skeleton

Arthropods

Sclerotin skeleton

Insects

What forms Mollusc shells?

The mantle which is composed of the outer (prismatic) and inner (nacreous) layers

Cuttlebone

Composed of calcium carbonate and found in cuttlefish

Where is the arthropod exoskeleton secreted from?

The hypodermis

What is the outer epicuticle made of?

protien lipid for waterproofing

What is the internal procuticle made of?

chitin, N-acetylglucosamine, and sclerotin

Where does articulation come from?

apodemes which are attached to the skeletal muscles

Ossicular skeletons

Found in echinoderms, made up of connected plates of calcium carbonate and covered with the epidermis

Bony skeletons

Found in vertebrates, composed of osteocytes, in a matrix of fibres of collagen and ground substance of calcium carbonate.

Bones are units called

Osteons

Bone is constantly changed by \________which removes bone and \________which adds bones

osteoclasts, osteoblasts

Intramembranous bone

forms in the dermis of the skin from osteoblasts adding bone to collagen. Ex. flat bones in the skull, some bones in the jaw

Endochondral bones

form from small cartilage pieces that are shaped roughly like the bones they become, bone is added to the outside and the cartilage is calcified

What are the skeletons of sharks and rays made of?

They have a complete cartilaginous skeleton

How is movement produced?

Movement is produced by muscles attached to bone acting around joints

Synarthroses

Immovable joints, ex between skull bones

Amphiarthroses

Slightly movable joints, ex. between vertebrae

Diarthroses

Freely moveable ex. synovial joints

Hinge

One plane of movement ex. knee, elbow

Ball and socket

Multiple planes of movement, including twisting ex. shoulder, hip

Gliding

ex. carpals in wrist

Combination

Characteristics of multiple types of joints ex. jaw (gliding and hinge)