Form 3 History and Government: European Invasion, Colonial Rule, Nationalism, and Kenyan Government Structure

Comprehensive review flashcards covering Form 3 History and Government content including European scramble, partition, African reactions (resistance/collaboration), colonial administration systems, social/economic developments, liberation struggles across Africa, Kenyan leadership contributions, and government structure.

What two historical terms define the rush for European powers to establish spheres of influence and the subsequent division of Africa between 1884 and 1914?

Scramble and Partition of Africa.

What six methods were used by European powers to acquire colonies in Africa?

1) Signing of Treaties 2) Military Conquest 3) Diplomacy 4) Trickery 5) Company rule 6) Missionaries

What key terms were agreed upon by European powers during the Berlin Conference of 1884–85?

1) Once an area was declared a sphere of influence, effective occupation had to be established. 2) Any European country claiming a part of Africa had to inform other interested parties. 3) Missionaries, traders, and explorers had to be protected regardless of origin. 4) Any power acquiring territory had to undertake to abolish the slave trade. 5) The Niger and Congo Rivers were to be left free for international trade.

Why did the Mandinka under Samouri Toure resist French colonial invasion?

1) To safeguard their independence 2) Unwillingness to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French 3) To maintain economic and military supremacy 4) Opposition to the introduction of Christianity to Muslim subjects 5) The French supplied weapons to Samouri's enemy, Tieba of Sikasso

What main factors led to the eventual defeat of Samouri Toure by the French?

1) Lack of adequate supplies 2) Lack of unity among African societies 3) Vulnerability of his second empire to attacks 4) British refusal to support Samouri against the French 5) French military superiority in weapons 6) Demoralization of troops due to continuous warfare

Why did King Lewanika of the Lozi choose to collaborate with the British?

1) To quash a succession dispute against his half-brother Mwanawina 2) External threats from Ndebele cattle raids 3) Slave raids by the Portuguese armed with sophisticated weapons 4) Admiration for benefits obtained by Chief Khama of the Ngwato in Botswana 5) Influence from his secretary, French missionary Francois Coillard 6) Awareness of British military supremacy

What were the main terms of the four treaties signed between King Lewanika and the British?

1) Ware Treaty (1889): Allowed the British to prospect for minerals. 2) Lochner Treaty (1890): Granted exclusive mining rights in Balotseland except traditional iron mines. 3) Lawley Treaty (1898): Allowed British settler farming. 4) Coryndon Treaty (1900): Gave judicial and administrative powers to the British, reducing Lewanika to a paramount chief and British employee.

What was the main cause of British strategic interest in East Africa?

To control the source of the River Nile to protect her strategic security interests in Egypt.

What were the main provisions of the Anglo-German Agreement of 1886?

A boundary line was drawn from the coast to Lake Victoria (British sphere to the north/Kenya, German sphere to the south/Tanganyika); Witu was given to Germany; and the Sultan of Zanzibar retained a 16 km coastal strip along with the islands of Lamu, Pemba, Zanzibar, and Mafia.

What was agreed upon in the Heligoland Treaty (Anglo-German Agreement of 1890)?

Britain gained full occupation of Uganda after surrendering Heligoland Island in the North Sea to Germany, while Germany purchased the coastal strip of Tanganyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar.

Why did the Nandi resist British invasion of their territory?

1) High military pride and self-perception of superiority 2) Kimnyole's prophecy warning against foreign intrusion 3) Leadership of Koitalel Arap Samoei 4) Opposition to the construction of the Uganda Railway across their land 5) Dislike of European appearance and clothes 6) Desire to protect religious beliefs and cultural practices

What factors allowed the Nandi to sustain resistance against the British for ten years?

1) Mountainous and valley terrain familiar to the Nandi 2) Mixed economy allowing reliance on crops when cattle were confiscated 3) Age-set system providing a steady supply of organized warriors 4) Harsh local climate affecting British forces 5) Poor transport and communication links delaying British military response

Why did Paramount Chief Lenana of the Maasai collaborate with the British?

1) Succession dispute with his brother Sendeyo 2) Natural calamities including severe drought and locust invasions 3) External military threats from the Nandi and Luo 4) Desire to safeguard pasture land, water points, and remaining independence

What were the primary terms of the 1904 and 1911 Anglo-Maasai Treaties?

1) 1904 Treaty: Created the Laikipia Plateau reserve in the north and Ngong reserve in the south. 2) 1911 Treaty: Pushed the Maasai out of Laikipia into the Southern reserve to open up fertile land for white settlers.

What causes sparked the Akamba armed resistance against British colonial rule?

1) Loss of independence 2) The cutting down of their sacred shrine tree 3) Abuse and disrespect of Akamba culture 4) Imposition of forced labor 5) Aggressive British military expeditions

What was the administrative hierarchy of the British central government setup in colonial Kenya?

1) Colonial Secretary (London) 2) Governor / Chief Executive Officer (Nairobi) 3) Provincial Commissioners (Provinces) 4) District Commissioners (Districts) 5) Division Officers 6) African Chiefs

How was Indirect Rule structured in Northern Nigeria under Lord Frederick Lugard?

Northern Nigeria was divided into Emirates headed by traditional Emirs who maintained authority over tax collection, local court trials, and appointment of village officials under the oversight of British officers.

Why did the British establish Direct Rule in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)?

1) Presence of a large white settler population 2) Frequent armed revolts by Africans (such as the Ndebele) 3) Sufficient administrative staff within the British South Africa Company 4) Desire for full exploitation of natural resources 5) Intention never to grant independence to the indigenous African population

What were the Four Communes of Senegal where the French Policy of Assimilation was implemented?

Saint-Louis, Gorée, Rufisque, and Dakar.

What specific privileges were granted to assimilated Africans in Senegal?

1) French citizenship and treatment as African Frenchmen 2) Equal educational and employment opportunities in French civil service 3) Voting rights and right to send representatives to the French Chamber of Deputies 4) Equal trading rights 5) Exemption from forced labor, taxation, and discriminatory laws

Why was the Uganda Railway constructed between 1895 and 1901?

1) To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and international trade 2) To enable economic exploitation of the East African Protectorate 3) To ensure rapid movement of troops and administrative personnel 4) To suppress the slave trade and promote legitimate trade 5) To protect British strategic interests around the source of the River Nile

What major difficulties were encountered during the construction of the Uganda Railway?

1) Need to import skilled and unskilled coolie labor from India 2) Armed resistance from local communities like the Nandi 3) High costs of importing building materials 4) Man-eating lions of Tsavo attacking workers 5) Shortage of basic provisions like water and food 6) Tropical diseases like malaria 7) Engineering challenges presented by the Rift Valley escarpment 8) Severe jigger infestations among workers

Who introduced wheat, sisal, and tea as commercial crops in Kenya, and where?

1) Wheat: Introduced by Lord Delamere in Njoro (1903). 2) Sisal: Introduced by Richard Hindorf from Tanganyika (1893). 3) Tea: Introduced by Messrs Caire in Limuru (1903).

What key colonial land legislations were passed in Kenya to facilitate white settlement?

1) Indian Acquisition Act (1896): Empowered government to take land for railway construction. 2) Land Legislation Act (1897): Granted certificates of occupation. 3) East Africa Order in Council (1907): Defined Crown Land as all public land, empowering the government to sell or lease it at will. 4) Maasai Agreement (1904): Relocated Maasai to Laikipia and Ngong to free land for settlers.

When and where were the first formal mission schools established in Kenya?

In the 1840s at Mombasa and Rabai by Church Missionary Society (C.M.S.) missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf and Johannes Rebmann.

What primary grievances were shared by early political organizations in Kenya between 1919 and 1939?

1) Abolition of the Kipande system 2) Return of alienated African land 3) Reduction of heavy taxation 4) Improvement of working and living conditions 5) Provision of quality education for Africans 6) Protection of African cultural practices 7) Repeal of oppressive colonial laws and destocking policies

What role did Syotune wa Kithuke play in early resistance against colonial rule in Kenya?

In 1911, she utilized the traditional Kilumi dance to mobilize the Akamba community against British colonial administration.

What key events marked the progression of nationalism in Ghana leading to independence?

1) Formation of the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) in 1947 2) The Accra Riots of 1948 following the killing of marching protestor ex-servicemen 3) Formation of the Convention People's Party (CPP) by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949 4) Campaign of non-violent constitutional strikes and boycotts in 1950 5) CPP electoral victory in 1951 6) Attainment of full independence in 1957 with Kwame Nkrumah as Prime Minister

What liberation movement spearheaded Mozambique's independence struggle, and who were its key leaders?

FRELIMO (Front for the Liberation of Mozambique), formed in 1962 in Dar-es-Salaam. Its first president was Eduardo Mondlane, succeeded by Samora Machel in 1970 following Mondlane's assassination in 1969.

What event led to the formation of 'Umkhonto We Sizwe' and a shift toward underground resistance in South Africa?

The Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, where police opened fire on peaceful anti-pass law demonstrators, prompting the government to ban anti-apartheid political parties.

Who were the six KAU leaders arrested during the 1952 State of Emergency, known as the 'Kapenguria Six'?

Jomo Kenyatta, Paul Ngei, Bildad Kaggia, Kung'u Karumba, Achieng Oneko, and Fred Kubai.

What major environmental movement was established by Professor Wangari Maathai in 1977, and what prestigious honor did she receive in 2004?

She founded the Green Belt Movement and received the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004.

What is the membership composition of the National Assembly of Kenya?

Total of 350 members:

• 290 members elected from single constituencies
• 47 woman representatives elected from each county
• 12 members nominated by parliamentary political parties
• 1 ex-officio Speaker

What is the membership composition of the Senate of Kenya?

Total of 68 members:

• 47 members elected from each county
• 16 women nominated by political parties
• 2 youth representatives (one male, one female)
• 2 representatives for persons with disabilities (one male, one female)
• 1 ex-officio Speaker

What are the three national security organs established under the Kenyan Constitution?

1) Kenya Defence Forces (comprising Kenya Army, Kenya Air Force, and Kenya Navy) 2) National Intelligence Service 3) National Police Service (comprising Kenya Police Service and Administration Police Service)

What courts constitute the Superior Courts in the Kenyan judicial system?

1) The Supreme Court 2) The Court of Appeal 3) The High Court