Exam II Lactation and Breastfeeding Study Guide

Lactogenesis

Production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands.

Psychological benefits of breastfeeding for the mother

Bonding with infant, reduced stress, increased confidence, and reduced risk of postpartum depression.

Physical benefits of breastfeeding for the mother

Faster uterine involution, reduced bleeding, weight loss, and lower risk of breast/ovarian cancer.

Economic advantages of breastfeeding

Lower cost than formula, fewer medical expenses, and less environmental waste.

Benefits of breastfeeding for the infant

Optimal nutrition, immune protection, lower infection risk, and improved development.

Can allergens be transmitted through breast milk?

Yes. Avoid allergenic foods if there is a family history and monitor infant reactions.

Breastfeeding trends since WWII

Declined after WWII, then gradually increased again.

Breast anatomy functions

Areola surrounds nipple; glands lubricate; ducts carry; sinuses store; alveoli produce; lactocytes secrete.

Breast changes during pregnancy/lactation

Growth, increased blood flow, glandular development, and milk production.

Effect of breast size on breastfeeding success

Breast size does not determine success.

Milk production in the first week postpartum

Colostrum first, then milk increases around day 3-5.

Milk ejection reflex

Oxytocin causes milk to be released from the alveoli.

Roles of prolactin and oxytocin in lactation

Prolactin makes milk; oxytocin releases it; both are triggered by suckling.

Recommended duration of breastfeeding

As long as desired; recommended at least 1 year or longer.

Colostrum vs. mature milk

Colostrum is lower fat, higher antibodies; mature milk is higher fat and calories.

Protein comparison: Human vs. cow milk

Human milk has less protein, more whey; cow milk has more protein, more casein.

Foremilk vs. hindmilk

Foremilk has more water; hindmilk has more fat.

Lipids in breast milk (Triglycerides, DHA)

Crucial for infant brain and eye development.

Carbohydrate in breast milk (Lactose)

Provides energy and aids in brain development.

Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) comparison

Human milk has less calcium and phosphorus than cow milk.

Iron comparison: Breast milk vs. formula

Human milk iron is low but best absorbed; formula is higher but less absorbed.

Are mineral levels in breast milk influenced by maternal diet?

Not much.

Are vitamin levels in breast milk influenced by maternal diet?

Yes.

Vitamin D supplementation for breastfed infants

Supplementation is recommended for breastfed infants.

Purpose of Vitamin K injection at birth

Prevents bleeding due to low stores.

AAP breastfeeding recommendations

Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, continuing to 1 year or longer.

Hunger signs in infants

Rooting, sucking, hand-to-mouth; crying is a late sign.

How long should an infant feed per breast?

There is no set time; the infant determines the duration.

Breastfeeding frequency

8-12 times per day.

Signs of a thriving breastfed infant

Weight gain, wet diapers, and alertness.

Signs of a malnourished breastfed infant

Weight loss, dehydration, and lethargy.

Which state requires more calories: pregnancy or lactation?

Lactation.

Dieting advice during lactation

Mild, gradual weight loss with adequate nutrients.

Effect of exercise on lactation

No negative effect.

When are dietary supplements needed during lactation?

If deficiencies exist or when following special diets.

Main ingredient of breast milk

Water.

Lactation consultant

A professional who helps with breastfeeding.

1950s breastfeeding support organization

La Leche League—provides support and education.