HWHII Midterm 2024

feudalism

a system of governance of that relies on the exchange of labor and goods for protection and land

Abbasid Caliphate

Overthrows the Umayyad, ruled from Baghdad, Islamic Golden Age

Baghdad

capitol of Abbasid caliphate, modern day iraq

House of Wisdom

In Islamic Golden age; Place to learn/invent; place for scholars; in Baghdad

Mongols

Nomadic civilization based in Central Asia that built the largest continuous land empire in history

Crusades

series of religious wars between European Christian forces and Muslim Turks over control of the Holy Land

cultural diffusion

when aspects of two cultures blend together and spread

anda

blood brother oath, sacred vow, a bond that joins lives as one

Grand Canal

Big Public Works project that began under Shi Huangdi but was expanded by Kublai Khan; communication/trade w Beijing

Pax Mongolica

a time of peace and safety WITHIN Mongolian society

Uygher Script

the alphabet adopted by the Mongols after defeating the Uyghurs

Yuan Dynasty

The Northern and Southern Song dynasties united; ruled by Kublai Khan

Khara Korum

capital of Mongolia during Genghis Khan period

Jasagh

legal code created by Genghis Khan that regulated safety on the silk road.

Sinicization

Adapting policies to fit with Chinese culture; making something more Chinese

Benevolent Rule

type of rule where policies and laws are designed to benefit citizens

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of Rome in 476CE

Ottoman Empire

Turkish Empire that conquered the Byzantine Empire

Constantinople

Major trading city that connects Europe with Asia

1453 AD

Year Constantinople fell

Renaissance

a period of rebirth and revival of Greek, Roman, and Islamic knowledge that occurred in Europe beginning in Italy around 1350 CE

Patronage

Monetary sponsorship of artists by wealthy families or individuals

Florence

wealthy city in Italy; birthplace of the Renaissance

Humanism

a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual's dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason

Gold Florin

the first European gold coin used in Florence

printing press

effects of this invention are: more people learn to read, text is translated into vernacular language, people start questioning church, Renaissance spreads North

Protestant Reformation

disagreement with the Catholic Church that led to the formation of new Christian religions

indulgences

free passes to heaven

Holy Roman Empire

Where the Protestant Reformation began

95 Theses

a list of disagreements against Church; posted on church door by Martin Luther

Diet of Worms

a council that determined how to handle Martin Luther’s disagreements with the Church

Peace of Augsburg

when Charles V made it legal to be Lutheran

Counterreformation

Church’s attempt to clarify church doctrine, strengthen spirituality, attack Protestant faith

Inquisition

attacks heretics and protestants, tribunal held by Church to accuse and charge people of heresy

Jesuits

started by Ignatius of Loyola, a group of missionaries that focused evangelizing through Education

Maritime Trade

sea-based trade routes

Ming Dynasty

Return of ethnic (Han); Chinese rule to China, return of Chinese & Confucian ideas to the throne; Getting rid of Mongol Influence

Mandate of Heaven

(China) right to rule comes from heaven and can be lost if leaders are not virtuous

Zhong Guo

Middle Kingdom; above earth but below Heaven

Ming voyages

expeditions undertaken by the Ming Dynasty’s treasure fleet

Fabled Unicorn

Chinese name for Giraffes because they were brought back on ship by Zheng He as a gift to the emperor; shows China’s greatness

filial piety

the virtue of exhibiting the proper love and respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors, particularly within the context of Confucian identity

Forbidden City

Yongle Emperor; walled off palace only for emperor that’s built according to Confucian values

Tributary System

the form for conducting trade and relations with China

Global Silver Trade

the dominated trade of silver throughout many countries and continents

Zacatecas

Spanish mine in Mexico

Potosi

Spanish mine in Bolivia

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of new crops, animals, diseases etc between the Americas and Afroeurasia; started due to European contact with the Americas

mercantilism

economic concept that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world; must “take” wealth

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

the transportation of African people, mainly to the Americas, to work as slaves.

Absolutism

a system of government where a monarch rules with compete, unregulated power; power is inherited and from God

Divine Right of Kings

a doctrine saying that kings receive their authority to rule from God and not from their subjects

Edict of Nantes

evoked by Louis XIV which removed freedom of religion

Fronde

period of uprisings in France that traumatized Louis XIV

Estates General

an assembly of representatives from all three estates in France to address the issue of tax

First Estate

clergy, 1% of people, filled with religious leaders and King, owned 10% of land in France

Second Estate

2% of people, rich nobles, owned about 20% of the land

Third Estate

97% of people, three groups of people made up this estate

Bourgeoisie

Third estate; middle class; bankers, factory owners etc; often well-educated ; paid high taxes and believed strongly in Enlightenment ideas

Workers

poorest group in the Third estate; tradespeople, domestic servants etc; often went hungry, would create mobs

Peasants

largest group in the third estate: 80% of people, paid half their wages to Church, King, and nobles

French Revolution

A major internal upheaval in France that sought to change the dynamic between rulers and those they governed

Haitian Revolution

A major upheaval in Haiti that sought for abolitionism and independence from France

American Revolution

a major upheaval in the United States that sought for independence from Britain

Mexican Revolution

a major upheaval in Mexico that sought for abolitionism and for independence from Spain

Casta

word to describe the Spanish lineage and social class system in Latin America

Peninsulares

first on Mexican hierarchy, Spanish people born in Spain; essentially the white people.

Creoles

second on Mexican hierarchy; Spanish people born in the colonies; eventually referred to themselves as mexicanos

Mestizos

third on the Mexican hierarchy; people mixed with Spanish and Native blood, majority of the population

Natives

Fourth on the Mexican hierarchy; Heavily looked down on by the Spaniards, considered lazy and untrustworthy. They were used for labor.

Africans

last on the Mexican hierarchy; used as slaves; very strict regulations

Mulatto

a person born in Latin America to parents of African and Native descent

Genghis Khan

Great Mongol leader that united all the tribes

Temujin

Genghis’s birth name

Kublai Khan

Genghis’s grandson that ruled

he wanted to rule, not just conquer

How was Kublai different from Genghis

Michelangelo

Italian artist/sculptor during the Renaissance that made the David and the Sistine Chapel; sponsored by Pope Julius II, Pope Leo X, Lorenzo de Medici; Florence and Roman Papal States

Brunelleschi

Italian architect that was sponsored by Cosimo de Medici, created II Duomo, and was in the Florence patronage

Medici Family

rich, banking family in Italy, patrons

Johannes Gutenberg

invented the printing press

Leonardo Da Vinci

famous Italian painter that painted the Mona Lisa

Martin Luther

very religious Catholic monk who disagrees with Church and publishes a list of 95 theses

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor during Protestant Reformation, hates that pope has more power

Frederick the Wise

“kidnaps” ML which allowed him to start Lutheranism because of his exile

Henry VIII

Elizabeth I’s father; British king

Hongwu Emperor

Zhu Yuanzhang; Important Ming emperor, foundee of the Ming dynasty

Yongle Emperor

“Scar”; Zhu Di, emperor after Hongwu Emperor

Zheng He

not an emperor; Admiral of the Ming Fleet; appointed by Yongle Emperor; eunuch

Columbus

Italian but sailed for Spain, explored Carribean, 1492

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese; Sailed around Africa to India; 1497

Magellan

Portuguese but sailed for Spain; Circumnavigated the Globe, 1522

Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese, Navigation Education & Sponsorship in 1400s

John Locke

“life, liberty, property”, inspired the Declaration of Independence

Rousseau

the social contract; anti-slavery, all men are created equal, children’s education, debated with Mary Wollstonecraft (sexist)

Montesquieu

separation of powers, checks and balances, eliminates ability for total control

Voltaire

separation of church and state(religious freedom), freedom of speech

Hidalgo

Criollo priest and father of the Independence movement that gave the Grito of Dolores speech; was captured, trialed, and executed

Charles I

English; Married a Catholic French Princess; prompts a civil war, disbanded Parliament, not considered a good ruler

Elizabeth I

English; Daughter of King Henry VIII, successfully restores protestant faith to England, never married/no children, Golden Age of England

Louis XIV

French; famous for his extravagance, reigned for 72 years, as a boy experienced the Fronde which traumatized him, built versailles