Psyc people (test 1)

Who were all the ancient influences?

Hippocrates and Artisotle

Hippocrates: four “humours” (Blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm), thought to. Contribute to our health and personality

Aristotle:

• Tabula Rasa: man begins life with a blank slate (demonstrates empiricism)

• Psyche: “the mind” is the source of all human behaviour. Led to the mind body problem (no differentiation between mind and soul)

Who was the philosophical influence?

Rene Descartes: proposed “cartesian dualism” which states that a nonmaterial bond and material body drive behaviour

• Used pineal gland as a solution to the mind body problem.

Who was the influence from physics?

Gustav Fechner: studied psychophysics (the study of the relationship between the physical world and that representation of the mental world)

• Response expansion and response compression

Who was the influence from evolutionary theory?

Charles Darwin: evolution can also select for behaviours

Who were the influences from medicine?

• At the time Brain localization was the most believed theory.

Franz Joseph Gall & Johann Spurzheim: proposed the idea of…

phrenology: the brain consisted of organs each associated with a personality trait and the size of the organ corresponded to the development of that trait.

Paul Broca: identified the brocas area (identified with speech production)

Carl Wernicke: identified the brain region associated with speech comprehension (Wernicke’s Area)

Franz Mesmer: believed there was metallic fluids in the body and he could redirect the flow using magnets which would cure diseases. Would induce a trance (hypnosis) with his hand movements which supposedly directed the fluids.

Sigmund Freud: used psychoanalysis to attempt to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious processes.

• Unconscious mind guided our behaviour through our id, ego and super ego

What was significant about sigmund freud?

Sigmund Freud: used psychoanalysis to attempt to explain how behaviour and personality are influenced by unconscious processes.

• Unconscious mind guided our behaviour through our id, ego and super ego

• He’s hit or miss (did good and bad)

Bad:

• claims weren’t super scientific

• suggested humans have a lack of free will

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Good:

• introduced potential for unconscious mental processes

• provided the medical model on how to treat psychological disorder

• incorporated evolutionary thinking (acknowledge physiological needs and urges

• experiences during development influence adult behaviour

Who was the influence from social sciences? (Economics, sociology and anthropology)

Sir Francis Galton: focused on nature vs nurture and believed heredity explained psychological differences.

• Coined the term eugenics and believed in eminence

What did Wilhelmina Wundt do?

Wilhem Wundt: set up first laboratory dedicated to studying human behaviour  using introspection , also studied reaction time methods finding that mental activity is not instantaneous.

What did Edward Titchner do?

Edward Titchner: adopted Wundt’s method of introspection and founded structuralism. He described mental experiences to be composed of elements (therefore different combinations of elements are responsible for more complex experiences)

Structuralism: analyzing conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and to understand how these elements work together

What did William James do?

William James: Wrote the first modern textbook in psychology and was influenced by Darwin’s evolutionary principles.

• Proposed functionalism

Functionalism: study of purpose and function of behaviour and conscious experience

What did Edwin Twitmyer do?

Edwin Twitmyer: discovered conditioned reflexes

What did Ivan Pavlov do?

Ivan Pavlov: trained dogs to salivate in response to a metronome, used this to discover classical conditioning (a learning process that occurs with 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired)

• Inspired behaviourism

What did John B Watson do?

John B Watson: using Pavlov’s findings proposed that all behaviour could be explained by conditioning, and used ads to from associations between a product and a desired feeling.

What did B.F. Skinner do?

B.F. Skinner: founded  operant conditioning (strengthening or weakening a behaviour by reward or punishment)

What did Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow do?

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow: focused on humanistic psychology & self actualization

What did Karl Lashley do?

Karl Lashley: tried to locate the engram, focused on non-localization (exact location of damage is not important) and the principle of mass action (size of damage corresponds with impairment

What did Donald Webb do?

Donald Webb: cells that wire together fire together

What did Wilder Penfield do?

Wilder Penfield: mapped sensory and motor cortices by electrically stimulating Brians of patients under local anesthetic

Who contributed to psychology becoming a science beyond behaviourism?

Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, Karl Lashley, Donald Herb, Wilder Penfield

Who was a part of the cognitive revolution?

Herman Ebbinghaus: forgetting curves

Frederick Bartlett: memory is an interpretive process

Kurt Lewin: founder of modern social psychology, “behaviour is a function of an individual and evironment.

Kert Lewin

Founder of modern social psychology and found that behaviour is a function of the individual and their environment