Breathing and Respiration

anaerobic respiration

A type of respiration that does not need oxygen.

word equation for anaerobic respiration (muscle cells)

glucose → lactic acid + energy

word equation for anaerobic respiration (yeast cells)

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy

balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration (muscle cells)

C6 H12 O6 → 2 C3 H6 O3 + ATP

balanced chemical equation for anaerobic respiration (yeast cells)

C6 H12 O6 → 2 C2 H5 OH + 2 CO2 + ATP

aerobic respiration

A type of respiration in which oxygen is used to release energy from substances, such as glucose.

word equation for aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

glucose

An important sugar that is used as a reactant in respiration.

alveolus - alveoli

A small pocket in the lungs in which gases are exchanged between the air and the blood

breathing

The movement of muscles that makes the lungs expand and contract.

bronchus

The trachea splits into two tubes; one bronchus goes into the left lung and the other goes into the right lung. Plural is bronchi.

capillary

A thin‐walled blood vessel that carries blood from arteries to veins.

cilium - cilia

A small hair-like structure on the surface of some cells that sweeps mucus out of the airways

mucus

A sticky liquid produced by certain cells in the body (some in tubes around the lungs) containing dust, dirt and bacteria

diaphragm

An organ containing a lot of muscle tissue, which contracts and moves downwards to increase the volume of the chest when inhaling. This then causes the lungs to expand.

describe the relationship between volume, pressure and the movement of air during the process of breathing

when breathing in:

* air gets sucked into the lungs as their is low pressure there compared to outside therefore increasing the volume of the lungs

when breathing out:

* air gets sucked out of the lungs from the high pressure in the lunges to the lower pressure outside therfore decreasing the volume of lungs

gas exchange

When one gas is swapped for another. In the lungs, oxygen goes into the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it.

trachea

An organ in the shape of a tube that takes air to and from your lungs. Also called the 'windpipe'.

ventilation

The movement of air in and out of your lungs.

asthma

A condition in which the tiny tubes leading to the alveoli become narrow and start to fill with mucus.

hydrogen carbonate indicator

An indicator that is pink in water but turns yellow as carbon dioxide is added and the pH drops.

limewater

A solution of calcium hydroxide. It is clear and colourless but turns 'milky' in contact with carbon dioxide.

can be used in experiments to see if carbon dioxide is present for example to show that in an anaerobic environment yeast can respire anaerobically and produces carbon dioxide

tar

A harmful sticky substance found in cigarette smoke.

aerobic exercise

An exercise in which all the energy needed can be supplied by aerobic respiration.

excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

The need for extra oxygen after exercise to break down lactic acid and replace the oxygen lost from blood and muscle cells.

what happens when you breathe in

* intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribcage up and out
* the diaphragm pulls down as it contracts
* the volume of the thorax increases and the pressure inside decreases

what happens when you breathe out

* intercostal muscles relax lowering the ribcage
* the diaphragm relaxes causing it to rise and become dome-shaped
* the volume of the thorax decreases and the pressure inside increases

what diseases can smoking cause

emphysema can cause damage to the cilia and goblet cells

what affect does emphysema have on the cilia

it paralyses the cilia meaning they can no longer sweep excess mucus meaning the dirt and bacteria in the mucus stays blocking the airways

what affect does emphysema have on the goblet cells

it damages the goblet cells meaning they can produce excess mucus. with the cilia paralysed and excess mucus present it can cause lots of coughing and your lungs to collapse