ORGANIC CHEMISTRY CONDITIONS+REACTIONS

Benzene + Chlorine(Cl2) conditions

• room temp

• ALCl3 catalyst

Benzene + Bromine

• room temp

• AlBr3 catalyst

Mechanism for Halogenation of benzene

Halogenation of benzene - which positions would the halogen go to?

• 2,4 and/or 6

• when excess - halogen attached to (2,4), (2,6) and (2,4,6) positions

• mixture of all the compounds

Halogenation of methylbenzene (free radical substitution)

• condition

• by product

contition: UV light

by product: HX

Nitration of benzene

• conditions

• conc. HNO3

• conc. H2SO4 catalyst

• temp: 25~60ºC

Nitration of benzene if temp exceeds 60ºC

• further nitration

• forms mixture of

  • Nitrobenzene

  • 1,3-Dinitrobenzene

  • 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene

Nitration of methylbenzene - products

4-nitromethylbenzene

2-nitromethylbenzene

Alkylation conditions

AlCl3/AlBr3 catalyst

heat reflux

Mechanism for alkylation

Conditions for acylation of benzene

• heat

• AlCl3/AlBr3 catalyst

Mechanism of Acylation

Hydrogenation reaction

Benzene + H2 —> cyclohexane

conditions for hydrogenation of benzene

• heat

• Nickel / platinum catalyst

• 150ºC

Oxidation of benzene product

benzoic acid + H2O

Conditions for oxidation of bezene

• alkaline potassium manganate

• Heat reflux

• dil. H2SO4