1807NRS EOT Exam Review

A set of flashcards based on the lecture notes covering various pharmacological concepts, drug classifications, and nursing considerations.

What makes a medication order legal and valid?

Name of patient, date, drug, dose, frequency of administration, route, signature, contact for prescriber.

What is the Swiss cheese model in medication safety?

Systems have multiple layers that should remain intact - active and latent conditions.

What does 'mane' mean?

Morning.

What does 'nocte' mean?

Night.

What does 'IM' stand for?

Intramuscular.

What does 'IV' stand for?

Intravenous.

What does 'NEB' stand for?

Nebuliser.

What does 'tds' mean?

Three times a day.

What does 'prn' mean?

As required.

What does 'stat' mean?

Immediately.

What is the unit 'g' in medication?

Gram.

What does 'mmol' stand for?

Millimole.

What does 'qid' mean?

Four times a day.

What does 'mL' stand for?

Millilitre.

What is a microgram?

Microgram.

What does 'subcut' mean?

Subcutaneous.

What does 'PO' mean in terms of medication?

Orally.

What are the 4 phases of clinical trials for medicine approval?

Phase 0: Human pharmacology; Phase 1: Safety and tolerance; Phase 2: Therapeutic exploratory; Phase 3: Therapeutic confirmatory.

What are the 3 stages in which medicines are approved?

1. Approval by TGA; 2. PBS subsidy; 3. Clinical phase.

What is the generic name of a drug?

Shortened chemical compound name.

What is the difference between a generic name and a brand name of a drug?

Generic name is a shortened chemical compound name; brand name is given by the drug company.

What is Schedule 2 medication?

Pharmacy medications.

What is Schedule 3 medication?

Pharmacy only medications.

What is Schedule 4 medication?

Prescription only medications.

What does an S8 drug require for storage?

Locked cupboard, two nurses to administer, keys kept with RN in charge.

What is the first pass effect in drugs?

Some drugs may be extensively metabolized before reaching the body.

What is bioavailability of iv, im and sc?

IV = 100%, other routes vary.

What is pharmacokinetics?

What the body does to the drug.

What is pharmacodynamics?

What the drug does to the body.

Name the 4 processes of pharmacokinetics.

Absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion.

What are some side effects of opioid analgesics?

Constipation, drowsiness, respiratory depression.

What are side effects of laxatives?

Diarrhea.

What are some factors influencing absorption of medications?

Ability to dissolve in fats, surface area, route, formulation, contact with GIT.

What is the action of beta-1 receptor blockers?

Decrease heart rate and GI activity.

What is the action of beta-2 receptor agonists?

Raise blood pressure and heart rate.

Where are histamine H1 receptors primarily found?

Lungs, skin, GI, and CNS.

What are the effects of prostaglandins?

SM constriction, vasodilation, aggregation of platelets, sensitizes neurons to pain, mediates inflammation.

What do NSAIDs do in relation to COX enzymes?

Inhibit prostaglandins by interfering with COX enzymes.

What is selective toxicity?

The ability of antibacterial drugs to target sites specific to the microorganism responsible for infection.

Differentiate between broad and narrow spectrum antibiotics.

Broad spectrum antibiotics can kill gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; narrow spectrum antibiotics target specific types.

What are some common adverse effects of antibiotics?

Diarrhea, rash, organ toxicity, and anaphylaxis.

What are the first line antihypertensive therapies?

ACE inhibitors, ARBs, alpha antagonists, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics.

What is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

Prevents conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation.

How does Digoxin affect the heart?

Influences the strength of muscle contractility.

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Confusion, irritability, tremors, hunger, weakness, headaches.