2.2 and 2.8

What is a concept?

the mental groupings of similar objects/events/ideas/people

What do concepts do?

Simplify thinking

How are concepts formed?

Prototypes

What is a prototype?

A mental image of the best example of the category

How are prototypes easier to recognize?

When they match the prototype example

Concepts don’t always make sense. True or False?

True

What are schemas?

Concepts/mental molds we project our experience on

How are schemas built?

As your brain matures

How do we use schemas and adjust them?

Assimilation and accommodation

Schemas are updated with what?

Experience

What is creativity?

The ability to make valuable and original ideas

Creativity is supported by what?

Aptitude

What is an example of an aptitude test?

The SAT

What is aptitude?

The ability to learn

What do aptitude tests require?

Convergent thinking

What is convergent thinking?

An ability to provide single correct answers

What do creativity tests require?

Divergent thinking

What is divergent thinking?

The ability to consider many different options and to think in novel ways

When does functional fixedness happen?

When our prior experiences stop us from finding creative solutions

What is expertise also known as?

Well developed knowledge

What do we use expertise as?

The foundation of our ideas, images, and phrases.

Expertise means, the longer we work on a problem, what happens?

The more creative we are with our solutions

Imaginative thinking skills provide what abilites?

Recognize patterns, make connections, see things in a new light.

What can we do when we master a problem’s basic elements?

We can redefine or explore it in a new way

What is intrinsic motivation?

Being driven by pleasure over external pressures

What are examples of intrinsic motivation?

Interest, satisfaction, and challenge.

What are examples of extrinsic motivations?

Meeting deadlines, impressing people, or making money

What do creative-fostering environments support?

Innovation, team building, and communication.

What do creative environments foster?

Contemplation

What do creative environments do to creative ideas?

Creates, supports, and refines

What do creative environments minimize?

Anxiety

How do you boost the creative process?

Develop expertise, allow time to think about it, and time to not think about it, and experience other cultures and ways of thinking

What do periods of inattention to a problem allow?

Automatic processing to form associations

What does springs creativity?

Refocused attention

What happens sometimes when you view life from a different perspective?

You set your creative juices flowing

When students spend time in other cultures, what do they learn?

Blend the norms from those from their home culture, and thus increases their creativity

What are executive functions?

High-level cognitive functions for problem-solving and decision making

What are algorithms?

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

What is the downside in using algorithms?

It’s laborious and exasperating

What are heuristics?

Simpler thinking strategies

When no problem-strategies work, how do we arrive at a solution?

Insight

Bursts of activity on brain scans tend to be associated with what?

Sudden flashes of insight

Confirmation bias

Seeking evidence for our ideas more than evidence against them

What is a mental set?

Our tendency to approach a problem with the mindset of what has worked for us previously 

What is intuition?

Fast, automatic, unreasoned feelings and thoughts

When making quick judgements, what do heuristics help with?

Enabling quick thinking that serves us well

Which mental shortcuts can lead to dumb decisions?

Representative and Availability Heuristics

What is the representative heuristic?

To judge the chances of something happening by comparing it to particular prototypes

What consequences does some prototypes have?

Social and Economic

How is racial bias created?

When someone has a prototype (stereotype) of people from certain racial groups

What is gambler’s fallacy?

Seeing random events happen again and again makes you use the representative heuristic, believing that it’ll happen again next time even if it’s not guaranteed

When does the availability heuristic happen?

When we evaluate how often an event will happen based on mental availability

How can something seem common?

Anything that makes information pop into your mind

What does the availability heuristic distort?

Our judgement of risks

What is overconfidence?

Overestimating the accuracy of our knowledge

What leads to a planning fallacy and sunk-cost fallacy?

Overconfidence

What is planning fallacy?

Overestimating our future leisure time and income

What is sunk-cost fallacy?

When we stick to the original plan despite a more efficient plan because we already invested our time into the original

Overconfidence can have adaptive value, such as?

Living more happily

How can we be more realistic about our judgements and accuracy?

Receiving prompt and clear feedback

What is belief preservance?

Our tendency to cling to our beliefs in the fact of contrary evidence (sometimes aided by confirmation bias)

What is motivated reasoning?

Using conclusions to assess the evidence

How do you solve belief perseverance?

Considering the opposite

What is framing?

The way we present something

What is nudge?

Framing choices in a way to change someone’s decisions

What is the recognition form of experience?

Intuition

What is intuition?

Implicit (unconscious) knowledge we can’t fully explain

Intuition is usually what?

Adaptive

What do fast and frugal heuristics let us intuitively rely on learned associations surface as?

Gut feelings, right or wrong

Smart thinking often means what kind of intuition?

Smart

What affects our judgements?

Unconscious, automatic influences

What is intelligence?

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

What is general intelligence?

Underlies all mental abilities and is therefor measured by every task on an intelligence tests

What is factor analysis?

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related variables

What is the evidence for the g factor theory?

Those who excel in one of the seven factors score well on the others

What are the factors of Spearman’s G factor?

Logical, mechanical, logical, and arithmetical

What is the Catell-Horn-Carrol Intelligence Theory?

General ability is based on fluid and crystallized intelligence

What is fluid intelligence? (Gf)

Our ability to reason fast and abstract, ex: logic problem solving

What is crystallized intelligence? (Gc)

Accumulated knowledge, ex: vocabulary and applied skills

When do Gf and Gc work together?

When solving problems by drawing on our accumulated knowledge

Why is Cattle-Horn-Carroll Theory still influential?

Because it recognizes that intelligence compromises many abilities, but exist under a broad umbrella of general intelligence

Savant Syndrome

Score low on intelligence tests, limited/no language ability, but one talent/brilliance

Which intelligence theory has 8-9 intelligencers?

Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences theory

What’s the difference between Gardner’s and CHC theory?

Gardner’s believes they’re independent, CHC believes they’re all factors of general intelligence

Which theory proposes three reliably measured intelligences?

Sternberg’s Triassic Theory

What are the three reliably measured intelligences in Sternberg’s Triassic theory?

Analytical, practical, and creative

What do Gardner and Sternberg’s theories agree on?

Multiple abilities factor to success, and variance challenges education and brings variance in life

What does G matter predict?

Performance on various complex tasks and in various jobs

What does G predict in jobs?

Higher income

What do extremely high cognitive-ability scores predict?

Exceptional achievements, ex: doctoral degrees and publications

High academic intelligence will help you get what?

A profession, but won’t make you successful alone

What is success?

A combination of talent and grit

What is the ten year rule regarding expertise?

10 years of intense daily practice, 11,000 hours on average

What is the recipe for success?

Nature and a lot of nature

What is social intelligence?

Knowing how to manage yourself in social situations

What is a critical part of social intelligence?

Emotional intelligence

What are the four abilities of emotional intelligence?

Perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions

What is the ability to perceive emotions?

Recognize them in faces, music, stories, and our own

What is the ability to understand emotions?

Predicting them and how they might change/blend

What is the ability to manage emotions?

Knowing how to express them in situations and how to handle others emotions