Nerve Impulse formation, conduction, and receptors/synaptic transmission - The Nervous System

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Where does nerve impulse formation begin

End of dendrite, then propagates along neuron

Propagate

Movement of an impulse along a neuron

What does a propagation of a nerve impulse involve

Ion channels and two ions: Sodium and Potassium

Channels found in the neuron’s membrane that move through the two ions are called

Sodium-Potassium Pumps

Stages of nerve impulse formation

Resting potential, action potential

Resting potential

Time period before a neuron conducts an impulse

Action potential

Time period while a neuron is conducting an impulse

Two parts of action potential

Depolarization (initial phase of nerve impulse conduction), repolarization (recovery period after an impulse has passed)

What determines how fast the impulse travels along the neuron

Nonmyelinated neuron, myelinated neuron, and diameter of neuron

Nonmyelinated neuron

Impulse must travel entire surface of neuron on here

Myelinated neuron

On this neuron, impulse can only be conducted at the Nodes of Ranvier

What does myelin act as

Insulator -prevents conduction

Saltatory conduction

Impulse skipping node to node due to myelin acting as an insulator - allows impulse to travel faster along myelinated neuron

The thicker the neuron…

Faster impulse travels

Receptors

Nerve ending of a sensory neuron that’s specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli - associated with dendrites

What does the body need to detect stimuli

Receptors all over the body

What are types of receptors based on

Location in the body

Exteroceptors

Found in skin and special sense organs, detect stimuli that are outside body

Exteroceptors examples

Light, sound, pain, pressure, and temperature

Proprioceptors

Found in muscles, tendons, and joints, detects movement and body position

Interceptors

Found in internal organs, detects changes associated with internal organs

Interceptors examples

Digestion, circulation, and excretion

Synaptic transmission

Refers to how the impulse crosses the synapse

Synapse

Gap between a neuron and another structure (structure could be another neuron or effector)

Effector

A muscle, gland, or other structure in the body that responds to a nerve impulse

Neurotransmitters

Any number f substances in the body that carry impulses across a synapse

Different types of neurotransmitters in the body

Acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, proteins

Monoamines examples

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine

Amino acid examples

Glycine, glutamic acid

Proteins example

Endorphins, tachykinins, somatostatin