AP Bio: Benchmark SG

independent variable

the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

dependent variable

the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

correlation

a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things

cohesion

the sticking together of particles of the same substance, H- bonds between O2 of one atom and a H from another

cohesion and transpiration

water movement from roots to leaves due to water forming H bonds with Xylem bc they are both polar

surface tension

the force that acts on the surface of water, if H bonds are broken surface tension decreases

high heat or vaporization

ex: sweating; High heat of evaporation called Evaporative cooling. water goes from liquid to gas cooling the body

hydrogen bond

attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom; the H has a partial negative charge, and Oxygen a partial positive charge, therefore Hydrogen will be attracted to a PARTIAL NEGATIVE

partial negative

hydrogen is partially positive and bonds to partially negative

hydrolysis

breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water breaking covalent bonds; addition of a water molecule breaks covalent bonds in sugars and other molecules

what breaks molecules apart?

if water is added to a polypeptide, it breaks the bonds

dehydration synthesis

a chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule; the OH and H are attracted together and form bonds, making molecules

what molecules link in a dehydration synthesis reaction

OH and H link together and break off, forming a molecule

organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon

carbon

carbon is covalently bonded to each other in organic molecules; carbon comes from gas in the atmosphere in the Carbon cycle

carbohydrates

made of C, H, O & occur as monomers, polymers in chains and as branched structures

water

produced when carbohydrates are made

unsaturated fats

a fat that is liquid at room temperature. carbon is double bonded

saturated fats

fats that are solid at room temperature and have NO double bonds

phospholipid bilayer

arranged opposite and upside down in a cell membrane due to the water around the cell. heads are polar, tails nonpolar.

peptides (proteins)

chains of amino acids where OH and H come together in dehydration synthesis

covalent peptide bonds

formed from dehydration synthesis and release water

nucleic acids

carry the genetic code

DNA

contains deoxyribose & thymine

RNA

contains ribose & uracil

carbon cycle

provides carbon from gas in the atmosphere

isomers

have the SAME formula, different structure with DIFFERENT PROPERTIES

phospholipid

heads are polar, tails nonpolar

apoptosis

cell death

lysosomes

release digestive enzymes into cytosol when animal cells receive signal for apoptosis

surface area to volume

the higher the surface area, the MORE efficient the cell

hypotonic solution

when given an IV with water, animal cells will swell and possible burst

ribosomes

found in prokaryotes & eukaryotes and make proteins

interphase

90% of cell cycle, gets cell ready for mitosis

salts

decrease the surface tension of water

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane from LOW TO HIGH using energy

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane from HIGH TO LOW without the use of energy by the cell

aquaporin

a membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.

lysosomes

an organelle containing digestive enzymes