B9: Respiration

What happens during aerobic respiration

Glucose rects with oxygen

What are the waste products of aerobic respiration

Carbon dioxide and water

What type of reaction is aerobic respiration and why

• Exothermic reaction

• They transfer energy to the environment, more energy is transferred to the environment when new bonds are formed in the products than is taken to break the bonds in the reactants

Word equation for aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Symbol equation for aerobic respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O

Where are enzymes made

cytoplasm

What holds genetic code for enzymes

nucleus

what contains the enzymes for aerobic respiration

mitochondrion

what allows gases and water to pass freely into and out of the cell

cell membrane

What's a mitochondria

Tiny rod-shaped parts (organelles) that are found in almost all plant and animal cells, its also the site of respiration

How is a mitochondria adapted for enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

They have a folded inner membrane that provides a large surface area for the enzymes involved

What are the uses of the energy transferred during aerobic respiration

• Living cells need it to carry out the basic functions of life: Building large molecules from smaller ones to make new cell material, its also for breaking down larger molecules during digestion and within the cells themselves

• Muscles contract

• To keep your constant internal body temperature: On cold days ti keeps you warm while on hot days it keeps your body cool

• In plants its used to move mineral ions such as nitrates from the soil into root hair cells as well as convert sugars nitrates and nutrients into amino acids to build into proteins

What is glycogen

The carbohydrate our muscle store glucose as

What is glycogen used for

Used in aerobic respiration to transfer the energy needed to make your muscles contract

Why does your body need more glucose and oxygen when exercising

• When you exercise many muscles behind to contract harder and faster and as a result they need more glucose and oxygen for respiration

• The muscles also produce more carbon dioxide and this needs to be removes for mulches to keep working effectively

What happens to your body during exercise

• Your heart rate increases and the arteries supplying blood to your muscles dilate: this increases the rate of supply of oxygen and glucose for increased respiration rate, it also increases the rate that carbon dioxide is removed from the muscles

• Your breathing rate increases and you breath more deeply: breath more often and bring more air into your lungs, red blood cells pickup oxygen quicker and is carried to your muscles (oxygenated blood). co2 is breathes out quicker

• Glycogen stored in muscles is converted back to glucose to supply the cells with the fuel they need for increased cellular respiration

why does the body react to exercise

To increase the rate of supply of glucose and oxygen to the muscles and the rate of removal of carbon dioxide from the muscles

What happens when your body cant supply oxygen to the muscles fast enough

Energy from the breakdown of glucose can still be transferred to the muscle cells by anaerobic respiration

Why isn’t anaerobic respiration as efficient as aerobic respiration

Because the glucose molecules are not broken down completely, the product is lactic acid instead of carbon dioxide and water (breakdown of glucose is incomplete, far less energy is transferred than during aerobic respiration)

Word equation for anaerobic respiration

glucose → lactic acid

What is a cause of muscle fatigue

The build up of lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration in the muscle cells. As a result it creates oxygen debt

Why cant you breath out lactic acid like carbon dioxide

Because it has to be covered back to glucose in the liver after exercise. The glucose produced may then be broken down to produce carbon dioxide and water (it needs oxygen for the processs)

What is oxygen debt

The amount of oxygen needed to convert lactic acid to glucose

How do plant cells respire anaerobically

• They don’t form lactic acid, they form ethanol and carbon dioxide

• some microorganisms form lactic acid (the bacteria used to form yogurt)

How does yeast anaerobically respire

• It forms ethanol and carbon dioxide

• Its known as fermentation

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in other organisms

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

Meaning of metabolism

The sum of all the reactions that take place in a cell or in the body

Some common metabolic reactions

• Conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen, and cellulose

• Formation of lipid molecules from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules

• Reaction of respiration

• Reaction of photosynthesis

• Breakdown of excess proteins in the liver to from urea for excretion In the urine by the kidneys

What is the liver

Its a large reddish brown organ that carries out may different functions in the body

What metabolic functions does the liver do

• Detoxifying poisonous substances such as ethanol from alcoholic substances

• Passing the breakdown products into the blood so they can be excreted in the urine via the kidneys

• Breaking down old, worn out blood cells and storing the iron until it is needed to synthesis more blood cells

What is one of the most important role of the liver

Dealing with lactic acid produced by the muscles during aerobic respiration

How does the liver remove lactic acid

• Blood flowing through the muscles transports lactic acid to the liver where it is converted back to glucose

• The oxygen debt is repaid once the lactic acid has been converted back to glucose and it has been completely broken down in aerobic respiration to form carbon dioxide and water

• If it isn’t then it is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver until needed

What happens to the energy transferred by respiration in cells

It is used by the organism for continual enzyme controlled processes of metabolism that synthesise new molecules