HSB EXAM

Mammals

Animals that have hair and mammary glands.

Hair

Made from keratin and can have different structures due to its folding.

Placental

Mammals that give birth to live babies and have a placenta.

Marsupials

Mammals that have a pouch to carry and nurse their young.

Monotremes

Mammals that lay eggs.

Quadruped

Animals that have four legs.

Fore limbs

Limbs used for steering and manipulation.

Hind limbs

Limbs used for transportation and movement.

Bipedal

Animals that walk on two legs.

Anterior

Referring to the head or sensory organs located close to the brain.

Posterior

Referring to the toes or excretion functions like waste and birthing.

Back

Dorsal side of the body.

Front

Ventral side of the body.

Appendicular

Relating to the limbs.

Axial

Referring to the body without the limbs.

Cavities

Holes in the body where organs are located.

Cranial

Pertaining to the sensory organs located in the head.

Thoracic

The cavity that ends with the diaphragm.

Abdominal-pelvic

Two cavities combined into one.

Hands

Palmers, used for grasping and manipulating objects.

Shoulders

Acronials, connecting the arms to the body.

Neck

Cervical, connecting the head to the body.

Back of neck

Occipital, the posterior part of the neck.

Knee

Patellar, the joint connecting the thigh and lower leg.

Feet

Pedal, used for walking and support.

Belly button

Umbilical, the scar left after the umbilical cord is cut.

Hierarchy of life

Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

Macromolecules

Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates.

Endothermic

The regulation of body temperature (98.4 ± .4 degrees Fahrenheit).

Homeostasis

The maintenance of the body's internal environment within a narrow range.

Cellular Respiration

The process of converting glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, the energy currency of cells.

Cranial Cavity

Protects the brain with the skull, cerebral spinal fluid, and meninges.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for emotions, learning, and memory.

Cerebellum

The "little brain" responsible for vital life functions, understanding information, and balance.

Brain stem

Controls sleep cycles, heart rate, and blood pressure.

Endocrine system

Produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions.

Pituitary gland

Known as the "master gland" as it controls other endocrine glands.

Strokes

A medical condition caused by disrupted blood flow to the brain.

Vertigo

A sensation of spinning or dizziness, often caused by an imbalance in the inner ear.

Meningitis

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain.

Membranes around the brain

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater.

Doctor

Neurologist or psychologist.

Insurance

A plan that covers medical expenses.

Plan (premium)

The monthly payment for insurance coverage.

Copay

A set fee paid at the doctor's office for each visit.

Deductible

The amount of money an individual must pay out of pocket before insurance coverage begins.

Coinsurance

The percentage of medical expenses that an individual is responsible for after meeting the deductible.

Out of pocket maximum

The maximum amount of money an individual will spend on medical expenses in a year.

Skin

Provides protection, insulation, structure, and absorption of vitamin D.

Melanin

Pigment that protects the skin from harmful UV radiation.

Dermatologist

A doctor specializing in skin health and diseases.

Fascia

Connective tissue that surrounds and supports muscles.

Muscles

Tissues that contract and pull, allowing movement.

Skeletal muscles

Attached to bones and responsible for voluntary movements.

Cardiac muscles

Found in the heart and responsible for pumping blood.

Smooth muscles

Found around organs and responsible for involuntary movements.

Adipose tissue

Fat tissue that provides protection, insulation, and long-term energy storage.