HSB EXAM
Mammals - hair and mammary glands
hair made from keratin which can be different things because of the way its folded
Placental - gives birth to babies and placenta
marsupials - have a pouch
monotremes - lays eggs
quadralped - 4 legs
fore limbs - steering
hind limbs - transportation
bipedal - 2 legs
Terms
anterior - head; sensory organs bc close to brain
posterior - toes; excretion like waste and babies
back - dorsal
front - ventrial
appendicular - limbs
axial - body without limbs
Cavitys - hole where organs are found
cranial - sensory organs
thorasic - diaphram ends it
abdominal-pelvic - 2 cavitys in one
External Features
hands - palmers
shoulders - acronials
neck - cervical
back of neck - opcipital
knee - pateller
feet - pedal
belly button - ambillical
Hierarchy of life
atom - molecule - macromolecule - organelles - cell - tissue - organ - organ system - organism
macromolecules:
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
carbohydrates
endothermic = regulation of our body temp (98.4 ± .4 )
Homeostasis - mantains right body temp
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2+H2O ATP
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
throught inhalation and food
energy from the sun
humans = carbon based
Cranial Cavity
protection - skull, ceribral spineal fluid, and meninges
brain has 3 parts
cerebrum: 4 lobes and 2 hemispheres
frontal - emotions, learning, memory
Parietal - temperature and senses
temporal - hearing and memory
ocipital - vision
cerebellum (little brain)
vital life functions, understanding information, and balance
brain stem
sleep cycle, heart rate, and blood pressure
in nervous and endocrine system
endocrine = hormones
petuitary gland - master gland
penil body - produces melatoni
olfactory bulb - smell
optic chiasm - cross for eyes
strokes
vertigo - inbalance in ears
Meningitis - inflammation of membrane
membranes around brain
dura mater - tough mother
arachnoid mater - spider mother
pia mater - tender mother
Doctor - neuroligst or physcologist
Insurance
plan(premium) - monthly pay
copay - set fee at the doctors
deductable - money you have to pay until insurance will help
coinsurance - that %
out of pocket maximum - maximum money you spend on medical per year
Skin and Muscles
hair - keratin
skin - protection, insulation, structure, absorption of vitamin D
melanin - protects skin from cancer
dermatologist
fascia - connective tissue
muscles
they pull
skeletal - around bone
cardiac - heart
smooth - around organs
attach to bone by a tendon
BoTtoM
adipose tissue - fat
protection, insulation, long term energy
Ear
flap - pina (can move)
conclear - filled w fluid so can balance
Eye
protection - lid, eyebrow, eyelashes
skelara - white part (also for structure)
cornea - clear part
iris - changes size for pupil - hole that lets light in
depends on amount of light — more = smaller; less = bigger
light - cornea - pupil - lens - retena - optic disk - optic nerve - optic chiasm - opcipital lobe
lens - focuses light to retena
retena - made of rods (B+W) and cones (light)
optimologist
Smell
up nasal passages
divides by septum
nares - nostrils
filters smell particles
Oral Cavity
**** to get in oral cavity —> jokers cut: corner of mouth to ear; grab mandible and pull from maxilla
** cut through thorasic cavity w midline insistion and cont. to abdominal pelvic cavity then lift up flap so you dont hit viscera —> genital area and cut across and cut up the side and do other side
pallets - hard and soft
stop nasal and oral cavitys from merging and creates a food bolus
pharynx - back of throat
5 senses of taste: salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami
esophogus: food
trachea: air; ridged; location = front
epiglotis - covers trachea while swallowing
dentition - collection of teeth
salavary glands - make saliva
mastication to make a food bolus
diaphram - seperates thoracic cavity from abdominal-pelvic cavity
Respiratory System
Purpose - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange for respiration
nose (more protection and filteration)
down the trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
aveoli
in aveoli theres gas exchange; diffusion (high to low concentration)
breathing done by movement of muscles (diaphram)
diaphram goes up
lung pressure is up
volume decreases (boils law)
asthma
Pulmonologist
Heart
***Cut oracle to oracle
nestled in lungs for protection
membrane - pera cardium
aorta - thickest blood vessel
flaps on heart - oracle
coronary arterys - feed cardiac muscle
base is the top
apex is the bottom
4 chambers - left and right atrium are on the top - left and right ventricle is at the bottom
arteries - away
veins - to heart
capillaries - smallest
heart disease
Cardiologist
Digestion
oral - pharynz - esophogus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine - rectum
largest structure - liver (stomach is on anatomically left side)
inside stomach has rugee for increased surface area + production of acid
food —> chime
small intestine
duodenum - highest place of digestion
jejunum
illium
spleen - lymphatic system
cleans blood
velvety lining - villi sucks up nutrients
liver
storage
makes bile
detoxs
gallbladder
squeezes bile to break down fatty meals
large intestine
secum attached appendix that makes gut flora
makes food into feces
rectum
poop storage
hernia
acid reflux
ED - biophyscosocial disorder
gastrologist
Kidney (retroparetonel)
in renal capsule
tubes
one going across is blood suply (renal artery and vein)
down is ureter
removes nitrogenous based waste
nephrons - gets rid of waster
starts in renal cortex then down medula then to cortex
loop of henly
regulates water
kidney stones
Uti
ureologist
Pancreas
endo/exocrine
produces insuline and enzymes
Reproductive
female - holds the baby
sperm needs to go into vagina - cervix - fallopian tube - egg
forms a zygote - embryo - fetus
placenta - attaches to mother uterus to supply nutriets to baby and gets rid of waste
gestation - duration for a female is pregnant for
permanent sterlization - tubial ligation
endometriosis
OBGYN
male - scrotum - sack where testes are
tempature regulation
Vas defreons take sperm to urethra
semen contains sperm and fluid from ducts
permanant sterilization - vasectomy
erectile dysfuntion
Urologist
Baby
grows in uterus
turns face down and puts pressure on cervix for it to dialate
labor - baby crowning then after baby placental birth
epidural - spine and numbs waist down
breastfeeding
collostrum - high fat
then milk comes and its fore and hind milk
abstenince is only way to prevent pregnancy
R - respritory — oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange for respiration; lung; pulmonologist
U - urinary — removes waste from your blood; kidney; urologist
N - nervous — communication and senses; brain; physcologist
M - muscular — to pull; smooth, skeletal, and cardiac; orthopedist
R - reproductive — make babies; uterus; OBGYN
S - skeletal — bones; orthopedist
L - lymphatic — immune system; spleen
I - integumentary — skin; melanin; dermatologist
C - cardiovascular — heart; cardiologist
E - endocrine — ovaries, pancreas
D - digestive — stomach; gastrologist
Blood through heart! (1 min heart)
Blood comes into the right atrium from the body
moves into the right ventricle and is pushed into the pulmonary arteries in the lungs.
the blood travels back to the heart through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium,
to the left ventricle and out to the body's tissues through the aorta.