BIOS 286: Exam III

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Retinofugal projections

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Description and Tags

72 Terms

1

Retinofugal projections

Neural projections coming out of the retina starting with the optic nerve

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Optic chiasm

Crossing of some information from the nasal retinae to the opposite side of the brain

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Decussation

Partial crossing of information

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LGN

Lateral geniculate nucleus

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Locations of axonal termination

LGN, hypothalamus, pretectum, and superior colliculus

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Olfaction

Sense of smell

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Gustation

Sense of taste

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Olfactory epithelium

Area in nasal cavity of olfactory receptor neurons

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Odorant receptors

GPCRs with different detection thresholds

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OE

Olfactory epithelium

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Olfactory epithelium cells

  1. Olfactory receptor neurons

  2. Basal cells

  3. Supporting cells

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Basal cells

Give rise to ORNs

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Supporting cells

Metabolic support for the OE

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Cilium

Thin protrusions from dendrites of ORNs, contains odorant receptors

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ORNs

Olfactory receptor neurons

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Cribriform plate

Bony structure with openings for axons of ORNs to pass through

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17

How many odorant receptor genes are there per receptor cell?

One

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Can a ligand activate multiple receptors?

Yes, affinity overlap

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Signal transduction in ONs

  1. Odorants bind to GCPRs, activates adenylyl cyclase

  2. Adenylyl cyclase activates cAMP

  3. cAMP binds cation channels

  4. Na+ and Ca2+ enter

  5. Membrane depolarizes

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20

Are membrane potential changes graded due to odorants?

Yes

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Olfactory bulb

Extension of the brain above the olfactory epithelium, processes olfactory information

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Olfactory nerve

Formed from all axons from the ORNs, layered structure

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Glomerulus

Cluster of axons from mitral cells, sends information to olfactory bulb, only receives input from ORNs that express the same ORGs

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Are inputs from ORNs excitatory or inhibitory?

Excitatory

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Mitral cells

Send their dendrite to only one glomerulus, do not interact with each other

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Limbic system

Amygdala and hippocampus

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Hippocampus

Memory processing, learning

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Amygdala

Attention, fear, aggression

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Thalamus

Sensory perception, sleep, memory, cognition

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OFC

Orbitofrontal cortex

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Orbitofrontal cortex

First point of convergence, origin of flavor

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Olfactory bulb targets

  1. Piriform cortex

  2. Olfactory tubercle

  3. Amygdala

  4. Entorhinal cortex

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Odor fatigue

Prolonged exposure to an odor causes less recognition

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Odor fatigue pathway 1

  1. Ca2+ enters

  2. Ca2+ binds to receptor

  3. cAMP affinity is reduced

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Odor fatigue pathway 2

  1. Ca2+ enters

  2. Ca2+ activates CaMK

  3. CaMK reduces adenylyl cyclase activity

  4. cAMP is not produced

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Anosmia

Inability to smell

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Synaptic plasticity

Synapse strength can be altered

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LTP

Long term potentiation

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LTD

Long term depression

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Long term potentiation

Synapses are strengthened by increased activity

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Long term depression

Synapses are weakened by decrease in activity

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EC

Entorhinal cortex

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Entorhinal cortex

Major input to the hippocampus from the temporal, orbital, and amygdala

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NMDARs

Requires 2 events: glutamate must bind and the cell membrane must depolarize so the Mg2+ ion can be ejected, permeable to Ca2+

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Tetanus

Brief burst of strong stimulation

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AMPARs

Normal glutamate binding receptor, glutamate will bind even if Mg2+ is not ejected.

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LTP activation requirements

  1. Glutamate must bind to AMPARs

  2. Na+ ions flow in

  3. Membrane is depolarized enough to eject Mg2+ from NMDRs

  4. NMDARs enter, Ca2+ flow in

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LTP early phase

More AMPA receptors are inserted into the membrane, does not require new protein synthesis, lasts a few hours

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LTP late phase

Requires new protein synthesis and new signaling pathways, lasts 24+ hours

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PKC

Protein kinase C

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Protein kinase C

Activated by Ca2+

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AMPA phosphorylation

Enhances activity, strengthens postsynaptic response

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Dendritic spine morphogenesis

New growth of dendritic spines due to LTP, increases connectivity between axons and dendrites

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Input specific

Only synapses that receive strong inputs will be strengthened

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Bidirectionality

Synapses can receive inputs to be enhanced or weakened

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LTP vs LTD

Depends on amount of Ca2+ that flows into the synapse

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LTD pathway

  1. Low frequency stimulus leads to depolarization

  2. Ca2+ enters, Mg2+ is NOT ejected

  3. Protein phosphatases are activated by Ca2+

  4. Dephosphorylation of AMPARs

  5. Less membrane depolarization

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LTP pathway

  1. High frequency stimulus leads to depolarization

  2. Ca2+ enters, Mg2+ is ejected

  3. Protein kinases are activated by Ca2+

  4. Phosphorylation of AMPARs

  5. Increased membrane depolarization

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Learning

Acquisition of new information

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Memory

Retention of information

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Habituation

Decrease in strength of a behavioral response due to repeated mild stimulus

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Sensitization

Increase in strength of a behavioral response due to a strong stimulus

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Declarative memory

Facts and events, conscious recollection of explicit memories

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Nondeclarative memory

Skills that are hard to put into words

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Consolidation

Transformation of short term memory into long term memory

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Working memory

Retention of information through repetition, but only lasts a short time

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Medial temporal lobe

Forms declarative memories

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Flow of sensory information

Cortical association areas → parahippocampal areas → hippocampus → cortical areas

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Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memories BEFORE onset

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Anterograde amnesia

Inability to form new memories AFTER onset

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Visual information pathway

Retina → optic nerve → optic chiasm → optic tract → LGN → primary visual cortex (V1)

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