Plants:

What are the main features of angiosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers, fruits, and seeds enclosed inside fruit, along with roots, stems, and leaves.

How does fertilisation occur in angiosperms?

Fertilisation occurs when sperm in pollen fuses with the egg in the ovary.

What distinguishes conifers from angiosperms?

Conifers produce cones instead of flowers and have needle-like leaves.

What is the reproductive method of ferns?

Ferns reproduce with spores that grow into a small gametophyte.

What are liverworts and how do they reproduce?

Liverworts are flat, leaf-like plants that reproduce with spores or asexually by fragments.

What is the main function of roots in plants?

Roots anchor the plant, absorb water and minerals from the soil, and sometimes store food.

What distinguishes taproot systems from fibrous root systems?

Taproot systems have one main thick root going deep, whereas fibrous systems have many thin, branching roots.

What are the advantages of a taproot system?

Allows access to deep water, provides strong support, and stores food.

What is a key limitation of fibrous root systems?

Fibrous root systems cannot reach deep underground water.

What is the first step of seed germination?

Water absorption (imbibition) occurs, where the seed takes in water and swells.

What conditions are required for seed germination?

Seeds need water, oxygen, and warmth to germinate.

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen.

Where does photosynthesis take place?

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of leaf cells.

Why is photosynthesis important?

It provides food for the plant, produces oxygen for animals and humans, and forms the base of all food chains.

What do chloroplasts contain that captures light energy?

Chlorophyll, the green pigment, captures light energy from the Sun.

What is the structure and function of xylem and phloem in stems?

Xylem carries water up, while phloem transports food down/up.