Genetics Lesson 4 (cell parts and function)

Murane

This is the organic compound that makes the cell membrane rigid

Lysosomes

These are dense vesicles filled with enzymes, which is produced by the Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

This is the part of the cell that contains a variety of hydrolyzing enzyme or digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases

Lysosomes

aside from their role as the digestive component and organelle-recycling facility they also use their hydrolytic enzymes to destroy pathogens (disease- causing organisms) that might enter the cell

white blood cells

These are the body's macrophages, which are part of your body's immune system

cell membrane

This is the part of the cell that is also known as plasma Membrane or cytoplasmic membrane

cell membrane

This is the part of the cell that is a semipermiable barrier consisting of a lipid bilayer, including cholesterol, phospholipids and glycolipids and exhibits a fluid mosaic model that gives the membrane a fluid character and also contains membrane proteins such as integral proteins and peripheral proteins.

Endoplasmic reticulum

This part of the cell is the cytoplasm extensive network of sacs, vesicles and interconnected flat tubules called cisternae

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

This is the part of the endoplasmic reticulum that is devoid of ribosomes

rough endoplasmic reticulum

This is the part of the endoplasmic renculin studded with dark staining granules; ribosomes

cell

This is the basic building blocks of all life

cell

This is encased with a cell membrane and contains specialized structures known as organelles

Ribosomes

These are granular particles composed of protein

Free ribosomes

This is the type of ribosome that Synthesizes proteins for use within the cell cytoplasm

attached ribosomes

these are the type of ribosomes that are attached to the ER and produce proteins that are packed and stored in the cell as lysosomes or are released from the cell as secretory products

Mitochondria

These are rod like or oval organelle which is bounded by two membranes: a Smooth outer one, and an inner One which is thrown into folds called cristae and provides energy for the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate or ATP

golgi apparatus

This is a membrane-bound organelle that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called Cisternae

golgi apparatus

The fuction of this organelle is for transporting, modifying, and packaging of proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

peroxisomes

These are small membrane-enclosed organelles that carry out oxidation reactions leading to the production of hydrogen peroxide

peroxisomes

Because hydrogen peroxide is harmful to the cell these organelles also contain the enzyme cataláse which decomposes hydrogen peroxide either by converting it to water or by using it to diate, another organic compound

Microtubules

These are microscopic hollow tubes made of the proteins alpha and beta tubulin that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton and are found almost in all types of cells except red blood cells

Microfilaments

These are also called actin filaments and they are solid fibers made of polymerized actin (protein). They have roles in cell movement, muscle contraction, and cell division

Intermediate filaments

These are thicker than microfilaments and provide mechanical support for the plasma membrane where it comes into contact with other cells or with the extracellular matrix

centrosomes

these are the part of the cell that are made from the arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters of microtubules, called centrioles and a complex of proteins that help additional microtubules to form

centrosomes

this is an organelle that is found close to the nucleus within the cytoplasm of cells and are key to the division of cells and produce the spindle fibers that are required during metaphase of mitosis

centriole

these are two short rods or granules that compose nine sets of three fused microtubules located near the nucleus and involved in cell division, and movement of chromosomes during mitosis

cytoplasmic inclusions

these are diverse intracellular non-living substances that are not bound by membranes, examples include glysogen granules in liver/muscle cells, lipid droplets in fat cells, pigment granules in certain cells of skin and hair, and crystals of various types

nucleus

this is typically the largest structure within the cell with round or oval shape often near the cell’s center

nucleus

this is the part of the cell that consists of a nuclear envelope containing chromatin, the mass of DNA and its associated proteins, with one or more specialized regions of chromatin called nucleoli

nuclear envelope

this is the part of the cell that acts as an outer layer of the nucleus that contains the chromatin

nucleoli

this is a specialized region of the nucleus that is a round mass of RNA within the nucleus

cell reproduction/cell division

this is the process exhibited by all living organisms as they grow or increase in size and number of the cell

Mitosis

this is a phase of cell division which is an incredible process with precise steps and regulation and without it, life would be impossible

interphase

this is the phase of mitosis where the DNA is replicated and the cell prepares for mitosis

prophase

this is the phase of mitosis where the chromatin condenses making the chromosomes visible

prometaphase

this is the phase of mitosis where the nuclear envelope breaks down

metaphase

this is the part of mitosis where the chromosomes become equally aligned at the equatorial plane

anaphase

this is the part of mitosis where the sister chromatids separate and the resultant daughter chromosomes move toward the poles

telophase

this is the phase of mitosis where the daughter chromatids reach the poles and form two new nuclei

mitosis

this is the process that produces two daughter cells with the same quantity and quality of chromosomes as the parent cell (diploid)

mitosis

this is the process that involves the division of the nucleus (karyokinesis), cytoplasm (cytokinesis) and occurs in the somatic cell (body cells) of eukaryotic organisms

amitosis

this is the process of division but there is no evidence of mitotic changes

amitosis

in this process the nucleus and cytoplasm simply divide unequally or roughly equal without undergoing the phases of mitosis and the resulting daughter cells do not function normally

amitosis

this is the type of cell division that occurs in prokaryotic organisms or in degenerating cells under pathological conditions

mitosis

this is the type of cell division that is also known as duplication division

amitosis

this is the type of cell division that is also called direct cell division

meiosis

this is the type of cell division that is also known as reducation division

meiosis

this is the process that produces four daughter cells with haploid number of chromosomes as the parent cell

meiosis

this is the type of cell division that involves two successives divisions; mitosis 1 and meiosis 2 and occurs in sex cells (egg and sperms)

g1 or gap 1 phase

this is the phase of cell cycle where the metabolic changes prepare the cell for division and at a certain point -the restriction point- the cell is committed to division and moves into the s phase

s or synthesis phase

this is the phase of the cell cycle where DNA synthesis replicates the genetic material with each chromosome now consisting of two sister chromatids

g2 or gap 2 phase

this is the phase of the cell cycle where metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis

M or Mitosis phase

this is the phase of the cell cycle where a nuclear division (mitosis) followed by a cell division (cytokinesis) occurs

interphase

this is the preparatory stage for the cell to undergo mitosis and consists of 3 subdivisions, the g1 period (pre synthesis interphase), s period (synthesis phase) and the g2 period (post synthesis interphase)

prophase

this is the stage of mitosis that is the stage of preparation, the chromosomes appear much shorter but thicker and start to coil tightly; centrioles become visible and move to the opposite poles of the nucleus; nucleolus no longer is visible; nuclear membrane starts to disappear; mitotic apparatus formed (asters, spindle fibers)

anaphase

this is the stage of mitosis that is the stage of migration where the centromeres of each chromosome divides or splits and each chromatid of a double stranded chromosome separates from tis sister chromatid and goes to the opposite poles; this is also the phase where cytokinesis begins

cytokinesis

this is the part of cell cycle where the cell plate forms in plant cells and cleavage furrow occurs in animal cells

telophase

this is the stage of mitosis that is also the stage of nuclear reconstruciton, where two sets of chromatids reached the opposite poles and chromosomes start to uncoil becoming longer, thinner and less distinct; nuclear membrane starts to reappear enclosing each of chromosomes; nucleolus also reappears while mitotic apparatus disappears

cytokinesis

this completes the cell cycle resulting into two daughter cells with the same quantity and quality of chromosomes as the parent cell

metaphase

this is the stage of mitosis that is the stage of separation where the chromosomes migrate and align at the equatorial plane (center) and centromeres of each chromosomes are attached to the spindle fibers