Chapter 9- Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune Systems

antibody

Protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen

antigen

Substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

bile pigment

Substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver

cytokine

Chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases activity in other cells

dendritic cell

Specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surface and presents them to components of the immune system

Immunocompetent

Possessing the ability to develop an immune response

Natural Killer Cells

Specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out

plasma

a liquid medium in which solid components are suspended

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

Thrombocytes

Platelets, smallest formed elements of the blood

blastic

embryonic

hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)

development of blood cells to their mature form

Erythropoiesis

red blood cell development

Hemoglobin

specialized iron-containing compound

Hemosiderin

an iron compound broken down by hemoglobin

Phagocytosis

ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles

Diapedesis

white blood cells that migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter tissue spaces

Granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

Agranulocytes

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei; lymphocytes, monocytes.

polymorphonuclear leukocytes

nuclei of mature granulocytes are so deeply lobed that these cells appear to have multiple nuclei

mononuclear lymphocytes

mature agranulocytes that appear to only have one nucleus

Neutrophils

First cell to arrive at a site of injury

Provides nonspecific protection by phagocytosis

Dies as a result of phagocytosis

Eosinophils

Combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations)

Controls mechanisms associated with allergies

Basophil

Initiates inflammation

Lymphocytes

Provides acquired (specific) immunity

Monocytes

Performs mildly phagocytic function

Becomes a macrophage when it enters tissues and functions in immunity

thromboplastin

a substance that initiates clot formation

Fibrinogen

a soluble blood protein

thrombus, blood clot

jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin that impedes the flow of blood into the surrounding tissues

Hemostasis

the stopping of a flow of blood.

fibrinogen

plasma proteins

blood serum

a product of blood plasma formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma

lymph

a fluid that contains lymphocytes and monocytes, a network of transporting vessels, and a multiplicity of other structures, including nodes, the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils

lymph vessels

vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes

Functions of the lymphatic system

maintaining fluid balance of the body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood

transporting lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues

filtering and removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes

interstitial fluid

resembles plasma but contains slightly less protein, carries needed products to tissue cells while removing their wastes

lymph capillaries

microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels

lymph nodes

small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels

right lymphatic duct

joined by lymph vessels from right chest and arm

right subclavian vein

a major vessel in the cardiovascular system, right lymphatic duct drained into

thoracic duct

receives lymph from the rest of the body

left subclavian vein

thoracic duct drains into

spleen

acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents

destroys old RBCs and serves as a repository for healthy blood cells

thymus

located in upper part of chest, partially controls the immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells to function in the immune system

mediastinum

upper part of chest

tonsils

masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx, act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens

Pathogens

Disease causing microorganisms

Innate Immunity

first type of immune defense, includes barriers designed to keep the pathogen from gaining entry into the body, begins at birth

acquired/adaptive immunity

second type of immune defense, identifies and specifically destroys pathogens once they have gained entry, develops after birth

Immunity

body defenses to protect against disease

first-line barriers

keep pathogens from entering the body, including the skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and gastric secretions

second-line barriers

stop the spread of pathogens once they have gained entry, including phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and inflammation

Macrophages

phagocytic cells that ingest pathogens and other harmful substances

antigen presenting cell

A cell that has their unique antigenic properties are preserved and then displayed on the surface of the macrophage

B lymphocytes

B cells, respond as the principal defense

T lymphocytes

T cells, respond as main defense system

active immunity

a long-lasting immunity

agglutin/o

clumping, gluing

blast/o

embryonic cell

granul/o

granules

lymph/o

lymph

lymphaden/o

lymph gland (node)

lymphangi/o

lymph vessel

morph/o

shape, form

myel/o

bone marrow, spinal cord

phag/o

eat, swallow

poikil/o

varied, irregular

ser/o

serum

sider/o

iron

thromb/o

blood clot

thym/o

thymus gland

-blast

embryonic cell

-globin

protein

-penia

decrease, deficiency

-phil

attraction for

-phylaxis

protection

ansio-

unequal, dissimilar

hypersensitivities

abnormally heightened immune responses

Immunodeficiencies

depressed responses

Autoimmunity

responses where the immune system fails to recognize its own tissue

Hematology

the branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes

hematologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues

allergy and immunology

the branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system

allergist/immunologist

a physician who diagnoses and treats allergies and immune system diseases

Anemia (erythropenia, erythrocytopenia)

a deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the red blood cells

Hypochromia

deficienty in the amount of hemoglobin within the RBCs

erythropenia, erythrocytopenia

deficiency in the number of erythrocytes

hemoglobinopathy

defective hemoglobin molecule that causes RBCs to assume bizarre shapes, commonly resembling a crescent, or sickle, when oxygen levels are low

hemolyze

The breaking of the RBC's membrane releasing free hemoglobin into the cirulating blood

Sickle Cell Crisis

condition in sickle cell anemia in which the sickled cells interfere with oxygen transport, obstruct capillary blood flow, and cause fever and severe pain in the joints and abdomen

aplastic (hypoplastic) anemia

Serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia

Folic acid deficiency anemia

Inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) because of the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for erythropoiesis

hemolytic anemia

Destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice

iron deficiency anemia

Lack of sufficient iron in RBCs

pernicious anemia

Chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 resulting from a lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development

sickle cell anemia

Inherited anemia that causes RBCs to become crescent- or sickle-shaped when oxygen levels are low

allergy

an acquired abnormal immune response

sensitization

initial exposure to an allergen

urticaria

hives