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Continuum Model of Abnormality
Maladaptive thoughts and behaviors exist on a spectrum.
The Four Ds of Abnormality
Dysfunction, Distress, Dangerousness; Diagnosis is not one of them.
Mental Hygiene Movement
Historical movement focused on humane treatment for individuals with mental illness.
Dorothea Dix
Advocate for moral treatment in the U.S.
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Introduced by Albert Ellis.
Pituitary Gland
Considered the 'master gland' due to its role in hormone regulation.
Serotonin
Neurotransmitter most associated with mood disorders such as depression.
HPA Axis
Primarily regulates stress responses.
Cultural Relativism
The concept that abnormal behavior is defined based on cultural norms.
Neurotransmitter Role
Facilitate communication between neurons; an imbalance can lead to disorders like depression.
Diathesis-Stress Model
Explains mental disorders as a result of predisposition combined with environmental stressors.
MRI vs fMRI
MRI provides structural images, while fMRI measures brain activity.
Structured vs Unstructured Interviews
Structured interviews have set questions; unstructured interviews allow flexibility.
Key elements of effective psychological treatment
Therapeutic alliance, evidence-based techniques, cultural sensitivity, individualized plans.
Benefits of Deinstitutionalization
Increased autonomy and community integration for individuals with mental illness.
Challenges of Deinstitutionalization
Insufficient community resources and increased risks of homelessness.
Competence to Stand Trial vs Insanity Defense
Competence refers to understanding trial proceedings; insanity defense argues incapacity at the crime time.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A type of therapy that focuses on changing negative thought patterns to improve behavior and mood.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
A mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and other emotional and physical symptoms.
Bipolar Disorder
A mental health condition that causes extreme mood swings, including emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression).
Anxiety Disorders
A group of mental disorders characterized by significant feelings of anxiety and fear.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A disorder in which people have recurring, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
A mental health condition triggered by experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event.
Personality Disorders
A group of mental health conditions characterized by long-lasting patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience.
Schizophrenia
A severe mental disorder characterized by distortions in thinking, perception, emotions, language, and sense of self.
Stigmatization of Mental Illness
The negative attitudes and beliefs people may have towards individuals with mental health conditions.
Pharmacotherapy
The use of medication to treat mental health disorders.
Humanistic Psychology
A psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person and the uniqueness of individual experience.
Psychotropic Medications
Medications used to manage mental health disorders and alter brain chemistry.
Behavioral Therapy
A type of therapy focused on changing maladaptive behaviors through conditioning.
Mindfulness-Based Therapy
Therapy that incorporates mindfulness practices to help individuals focus on the present and reduce stress.
Social Support Networks
The structure and resources of family, friends, and community that help individuals cope with stress and mental health issues.
Crisis Intervention
Immediate, short-term help provided to individuals in crisis to restore equilibrium.
Motivational Interviewing
A therapeutic approach designed to enhance motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
A type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that aims to help individuals manage emotions and improve relationships.
Therapeutic Alliance
The collaborative partnership between the therapist and client that is crucial for effective treatment.
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.
Cognitive Distortions
Inaccurate thoughts that reinforce negative thinking or emotions.
Empathy in Therapy
The therapist's ability to understand and share the feelings of the client.
Exposure Therapy
A behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders that involves gradual exposure to feared objects or contexts.
Medication Adherence
The extent to which patients take medications as prescribed by their healthcare providers.
Crisis Stabilization Units
Short-term residential treatment facilities aimed at providing immediate support to individuals in crisis.
Biofeedback
A technique that trains individuals to control physiological processes such as heart rate or muscle tension.
Therapeutic Techniques
Methods used in therapy to help clients process their experiences and emotions.
Self-Care Practices
Activities individuals engage in to promote personal health and well-being.
Transdiagnostic Treatment
Therapies that target underlying processes common to various psychological disorders.
Supportive Therapy
A therapeutic approach that provides emotional support and encouragement without challenging the client's beliefs.
Schema Therapy
A cognitive-behavioral therapy designed to help individuals identify and change deeply ingrained patterns or themes in thinking.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)
A type of therapy that encourages individuals to accept their thoughts and feelings rather than fighting them.
Behavioral Activation
A therapeutic intervention that focuses on increasing engagement in valued activities to combat depression.
Psychoeducation
Providing information and resources to individuals and families regarding mental health conditions.
Relational-Cultural Therapy (RCT)
Therapy that focuses on the importance of relationships and cultural context in psychological well-being.
Narrative Therapy
A therapeutic approach that views individuals as the authors of their own stories and helps them rewrite their narratives.
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions and the emotions of others.
Community-based Mental Health Services
Support services aimed at providing mental health care in community settings rather than institutions.
Holistic Therapy
An approach that considers the whole person, including physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects.
Somatic Experiencing
A body-oriented therapy aimed at relieving the symptoms of trauma and stress by focusing on bodily sensations.
