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binary fission
asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
a double stranded molecule
carries the genetic information inherited from parents and make the body function normally through life
Chromosomes
A long continuous thread of DNA wounded together by DNA-associated proteins, referred as histones
Humans have 46 chromosomes in their body cells
It will be 10 feet long when stretched
histones
proteins that wraps around DNA
a protein that provides structural support for a chromosome
chromatin
A complex set of macromolecules that contain loose DNA, proteins, and RNA
Responsible for packaging the DNA efficiently into smaller volume so that it fits the nucleus of a cell
chromatid
Refers to each strand of duplicated chromosomes
sister chromatids
Two chromatids held together by a centromere
centromere
A region of condensed pinched chromosomes
kinetochore
A group of proteins located at the centromere
Attached to the long spindle fibers during cell division
telomeres
Structures found at the end of the DNA molecule
Contain repeated nucleotides which contain genetic information that do not translate into traits
Prevents the ends of the chromosomes from accidentally attaching to one another and prevent loss of genes
Gap 1
The cells carry out its normal metabolic functions
Cells increase their size, as their organelles increase in number
Embryonic cells divide divide rapidly and exponentially
Cells spend most of their life cycle
synthesis
Refers to the time that the cell makes a copy of the genetic material in the form of nuclear DNA
DNA replication happens where each chromosome that contains one DNA molecule is copied with enough accuracy
Gap 2
Cells continue to carry out their normal functions and undergo further growth
Contains a critical checkpoint before transitioning to the next stage
Mitosis
Involves the division of nucleus and the genetic material
The hereditary material of the parent cell is given to the daughter cells
Leads to the formation of two daughter cells containing identical genetic materials
The cell’s nuclear membrane disintegrates, while the DNA condenses, forming two nuclei
Prophase
Chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes
bundled chromosomes protect DNA or being damaged
nuclear envelope breaks down
metaphase
the spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore of the sister chromatids facilitates movement of chromosomes toward the middle of the cell
anaphase
the sister chromatids separate from each other and are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell. The protein “glue” that holds the sister chromatids together is broken down, allowing them to separate. Each is now its own chromosome. The chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell.
telophase
a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to separate the nuclear DNA from the cytoplasm. The chromosomes begin to uncoil, which makes them diffuse and less compact.
cytokinesis
Basically divides the cytoplasm of the cell
Begins early during telophase and continues after the nuclei have formed into daughter cells.
the cell splits in half, with half of the cytoplasm and one copy of the cell's DNA going into each new cell.
