Phonemes

dialect

a distinct form of a language that includes its own vocabulary and grammatical patterns. Dialects usually occur in specific regions

idiolect

a person’s own individual speech patterns, including vocabulary, grammatical structures, style, and pronunciation.

Three language aquisition stages are

birth to 2, 3-5, 6-12

Factors Affecting Language Development

Quality of the home environment (safety, stability, level of care)  Socioeconomic status  Socialization and exposure to oral language in various contexts  Early exposure to texts (caregivers reading aloud, availability of books and environmental print)  Disability or other medical issue

1 thing parents can do to promote literature

Read outloud at home to kids

emergent literacy.

Emergent Literacy Skills-

1. Print Motivation Interest in books and reading

2. Print Awareness (Concepts of Print)Noticing print; holding a book properly; understanding directionality (that books are read from front to back and text from left to right)

3.Vocabulary Having a broad oral vocabulary; knowing the names of most things the child encounters

4. Alphabetic Principle Knowledge of what letters are and that letters make up words; recognition of letters in various forms of print

5.Letter-Sound Correspondence Knowledge of the sounds that correspond with each letter

6. Phonological Awareness The ability to hear and manipulate different sounds within words

Phonemic awareness

subset of phonological awareness that deals directly with phonemes—the individual sounds that make up words.

Diphthong

two or more vowels that combine into a single sound (phoneme)

Examples of Diphthong

oi (coin); oy (boy) /aw/ aw (paw); au (caught); a (bra)

R-controlled vowel-

vowel that has a unique sound when followed by the letter “r”

Consonant digraph

two consonants that combine to form a single sound (phoneme)

Consonant blend

two or more distinct consonant sounds that are voiced in succession, such as “br” at the beginning of “brake” (These are not in the table because they are not phonemes.)

Phoneme isolation

Recognizing individual phonemes within words

Phoneme identification

Finding common phonemes among words

Phoneme segmentation

Breaking a word down into its component phonemes

Phoneme blending

Combining different phonemes to make words

Phoneme addition

Adding a phoneme to an existing word to create a new word

Phoneme deletion

Removing an existing phoneme to create a new word

Phoneme substitution

Replacing an existing phoneme with another to create a new word