PHILOSOPHY KMS

What are the 3 acts of the mind?

understanding, judgement, reasoning

what are the 3 arts of logic which correspond to these 3 acts of the mind?

defining, making statements, syllogizing

what is a demonstration?

when we form an argument which causes us to know a conclusion perfectly; the most perfect kind of argument

what is an univocal name?

one name with one meaning

what is an equivocal name?

one name with multiple meanings

what is an essential definition?

when definition actually signifies the very essence of “what it is to be” of a really existing thing

how do we make an essential definintion?

add a difference to a genus

what do we do with genus, species, and difference?

genus + difference = species

what are the 4 marks of a good definition?

it must correspond to an existing thing. defining terms must be coextensive with the term defined. it must give an account of the causes of the thing defined. it must use terms which are better known than the term defined.

in what way do the terms have to be better known when defining?

it has to be universal

how are we supposed to understand the 4th mark of a good definition?

can be used to test any essential definition to see if goods or not

what is substance?

a being which exists through itself, and not through or in another

what is a primary substance?

individual substance. ex: george

what is a secondary substance?

universal substance ex: dog

what is an accident?

a being which exists through or in another, not through itself

what are the “three roads to definition”?

definitions from above, definitions from below, definitions from all sides

what are the 4 kinds (species) of statements?

affirmative or negative; universal or particular

what are the 4 possible combinations of these?

universal affirmative (A), universal negative (E), particular affirmative (I), particular negative (O)

are there rules of converting some simple statements into others?

A: All A is B = Some B is A: A → I

E: No A is B = No B is A

I: Some A is B = Some B is A

O: does not convert

what is a self-evident statement?

can be known to be true through themselves without a proof. seems to be true as soon as the meanings of the terms are understood.

what is a per se statement?

a statement which is necessarily true because the predicate belongs to the subject due to what the subject itself is

what are the 3 kinds of per se statements?

when the predicate is in the definition of the subject (self-evident). when the subject is in the definition of the predicate (no self-evident). when the predicate belongs to the subject belongs to the subject as to its proper cause.

what is a syllogism'?

speech wherein some premises having been laid down, something else follows

major term

the term which is founded in the predicate of the conclusion

middle term

the term which occurs twice in the premises but is not found in the conclusion

minor term

the term which is founded in the subject of the conclusion

first figure

B is C

A is B

the middle term is between the major and minor term

second figure

C is B

A is B

the middle term is more universal than the major and minor termst

third figure

B is C

B is A

the middle term is less universal than the major and the minor term

which figure is the best?

the first figure

why is the first figure the best?

it provides conclusions which are both universal and affirmative and this is the best kind of knowledge

can we convert the 2nd and 3rd figure to the 1st figure?

Yes, we must use the rules about converting statements in order to convert the premises of those syllogisms, which will cause them to be in the first figure

what are the 6 qualities that premises of a demnstration must have?

must be true, must be unmiddled, must be first, prior to the conclusion, causes the conclusion, better known than the conclusion

what is a proper quid demonstration?

a demonstration which uses proximate (close) causes as premises, moving from cause to effect

what is the “natural path” of learning according to Aristotle?

we move from knowledge of what is better known to use to what is less known to us

what is the subject that the science of nature studies?

natural science

does it need to study mobile or immobile beings?

the study of nature does not limit itself to mobile being and it encompasses the study of both mobile and immobile beings

thales

believed that everything is full of gods and the soul id a life force present in all things

anaximenes

the soul is made of air which is the fundamental element of life

heraclitus

he viewed the soul as a mixture of fire and water

pythagoras

the soul is immortal and undergoes a cycle of reincarnation

empedocles

believed the soul was composed of four elements and could be purified through reincarnation

democritus

the soul is made of tiny, invisible atoms that move, giving the body life

how does Aristotle argue that “contraries” must be the principle of nature?

the first things from which things come to be and are not from each other are principles and principles are contraries

how does Aristotle argue that “contraries” can’t be the only principles of nature?

some contraries come from each other, and first contraries are principles because they don’t come from principle of nature

what is the third principle of nature?

privation

what are the three principles of nature?

form, matter and privation

what principle of nature is per se principle?

form and matter

what principle of nature is accidental?

privation

definition of nature.

a certain principle and cause of moving and resting in that in which it is primarily in virtue of itself and not accidentally

what are the four causes ?

formal, material, agent, final

formal cause

a cause set in stone, unless you mess up

material cause

that from which being present in it, something comes to be, what underlies

agent cause

that whence is the beginning of change or rest; instrument

final cause

that for the sake of which (the good/best).

what is the chance?

an accidental cause among things which are for the sake of something, but don’t happen for the sake of this, and are for the lesser part

what is luck?

chance in relation to beings which have the capacity to choose

how does Aristotle argue that nature acts for the sake of an end?

natural beings act for the sake of an end and if something is composed of matter and form it acts for an end

what are the 2 kinds of necessity?

absolute and hypothetical necessity

absolute necessity

the necessity that rises from what is prior in existence, namely the material cause and the agent cause. what comes before makes the end come to be necessarily

hypothetical necessity

the necessity is that arises from what is posterior in existence, namely, final cause and formal cause insofar as it is the end. the final cause makes the things that come before the end ot be ordered in a necessary way so as to achieve it

what is the definition of motion?

the actuality of the potential as potential

how are movers able to move the mobile?

movers are able to move things because there is an ultimate first mover that is not being moved

how are we supposed to understand the act of motion its respect to the mover and the moved thing?

there is one act of motion shared between the mover and the moved thing. the act of the mover is in the moving thing. but this one act of motion has 2 different accounts, it is doing both doing and suffering

what is the definition of the soul?

the essence of a living being. what gives life to the body and enables it to perform its vital functions

why is this the definition of the soul?

it is rooted in his broader metaphysical framework which emphasizes the relationship between form and matter

what is the argument for the definition of the soul?

everything in the natural world is composed of both form and matter. the soul is the form of living being, giving it its essential characteristics and enabling it to perform its vital functions. he then distinguished between actuality and potentiality and argued that the soul is defined by the function it enables

what should be studied first when considering the parts of the soul?

the activities of the soul, it leads to the understanding of the power and its parts.

what is the vegetative soul, and what are its activites?

it is the basic form of the soul. growth and power of reproduction

what is the sensitive soul, and what are its activities?

taking in sensitive things like animals. sensation, each type of sense

what is the rational soul, and what are its activities?

has both vegetive and sensitive powers for humans: reason thought and reflection

first potency

the inherent capacity or potential within something to develop change. ex: a child has the first potency to learn to read

second potency

the developed capacity or potential that has been actualized to some extent but is not yet fully realized. ex: a person who learned to read but is not currently reading

first act

the state of having developed a capacity or potential to the point where it is ready to be used. ex: a person who knows how to read but is not currently reading is in the first action stage

second act

the state of actively using a developed capacity or potential. ex: a person is currently reading is in the second act

how are the sense powers affected by the sensible?

they receive the sensible forms of objects without receiving their matter. ex: when you see an apple, you sense of sight receives the form of the apple but not the physical aspect

do sense powers undergo corruption when they recieve the sensible form?

it does not undergo corruption when they receive sensible forms

does the sensible form recieve the matter of what they sense?

they are not sensing anything. the sensible object is actualized by recieving the form of the object

what are accidental sensibles?

sensibles are sensed accidently

what are common sensibles?

sensed by all senses; motion, rest, number, shape

what are proper sensibles?

cannot be sensed by another sense, and the sense cannot err about sensing this sensible. ex: sight of color

how do we know the intellect is immaterial?

understands all bodily natures it must lack all bodily natures which is a conidium of its knowing power

is the intellect actuality of a bodily organ?

it is an actuality of a bodily organ

why is the intellectual soul “immortal”?

the intellectual soul is immortal and indestructible because it is immaterial, capable of grasping eternal truths, exists in a state of pure actuality and operates independently of the body

what are the 4 interior senses?

common sense, imagination, memory, cognitive power

cognitive (estimate) power

apprehend intentions with sensibles. allows us to make judgements about the significance or value of objects and situation. involves more complecx easoning and decison making

memory

store house of intention with sensibles. retain and recall past experiences and information. recognize patterns, learn from past events and make decisions based on previous knowledge

imagination

a storehouse of sensible image + combines different sensible images. form mental images and representations of obejcts that are not currently present. it allows us to recall past experiences and imagine future scenarios

common sense

gives you awareness that you are seeing, taking in multiple sensible at once. integrates and distinguishes the information received from the fire external sense. it allows us to perceive the unity of an object.

what is the role of the “agent intellect” in the act of knowing?

makes things known, actually intelligible, makes it become known

what is the role of the “possible intellect” in the act of knowing?

takes things in and holds knowledge

what is the role of imagined image in the act of knowing?

serves as a representation of concrete reality

what is the sensitive appetite?

every natural being has an inclination toward what is suitable for it and away from what is harmful for it. follows upon the apprehension of a sensible

what are the sensible appetite parts?

concupiscible

concupiscible appetite

concerns what is suitable or harmful for being. the suitable good for a being

irascible appetite

concerns what is an obstacle to acquiring what is suitable or avoiding harmful, arduous good (difficult to obtain)

what is the rational appetite and what is its object?

the will and tendency of the soul to pursue and possess what the intellect perceive as good or desirable