biolgogym

6 levels of organization

organism, population, biological community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Organism that pursues another organism

Predator

Organism being pursued

Prey

2 types of parasites and examples

Interior- heart worms, tapeworms

Exterior- ticks, fleas

3 types of consumers

Herbivore, carnivore, omnivore

First level in all ecosystems

Autotrophs

3 types of symbiosis

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

What molecule are all living things composed of

Carbon

a simple model that shows how energy flows through an ecosystem

food chain

The process of capture and conversion of nitrogen into plants

Nitrogen fixation

Portion of earth that supports life

Biosphere

Living factors in an environment

Biotic factors

Non living factors in an environment

Abiotic factors

Group of interacting populations that occupy a geographical area

Biological community

Abiotic factors with its biological community

Ecosystem

2 biotic limiting factors

Plants and animal species

3 zones found in lakes and ponds

Littoral zone: closest to shore

Limnetic zone: well lit

Profundal zone: limited light

3 things that disrupt a community

Fire, windstorm, flood

Only continent without a desert

Europe

the ability of an organism to survive biotic and abiotic factors

Tolerance

Does secondary or primary succession occur faster

Secondary

First species to start secondary succession

Pioneer species

Distance north and south

Latitude

Composed of broad leafed deciduous trees

Temperate forests

Narrow band where ocean meets land

Intertidal zone

Ecosystem formed where freshwater rivers merge with an ocean

Estuary

Which is a density dependent factor

Severe drought

What is the dispersion pattern of herding animals

Clump

Angelfish produce hundreds of offspring, what are they

R-strategist

Which definition of population is true

Population dispersion is the distribution of individuals in a population over time

What happens when death and birth rate are equal

Population remains constant (ZPG)

Which of the following is not a characteristic of carrying capacity

It is determined by density dependent factors

In an exponential growth model, the birth rate……

and death rate remain constant

Biotic or abiotic factors that prevent a population from increasing

Limiting factor

If 2 mice start a population, it grows slowly at first, this called….

Lag phase

What type of curve is a logistic growth model

S-shape

Type of growth that occurs when the populations growth stops following exponential growth at carrying capacity

Logistic growth model

Small organism with a short lifespan produces a lot of offspring

R-strategist

Organism with a long lifespan produces little offspring

K-strategist

Number of males and females in each of 3 age groups

Age structure

Who and when boarded the Beagle to South America

Darwin, 1831

2 types of speciation

allopatric and sympatric

3 ways natural selection alters phenotypes

Stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection

extreme examples of genetic drift

founder effect and bottleneck effect

Came up with reasons why dominant alleles do not simply overpower recessive alleles in a population

Hardy and Wineberg

2 examples of morphological adaptation

Camouflage and mimicry

2 types of reproductive isolation

prezygotic- occurs before fertilization

Postzygotic- occurs after fertilization

The process of directed breeding to produce offspring with desired traits

artificial selection

Used to define commutative changes in an organism overtime

Evolution

anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor

homologous structures

an early pre-birth stage of an organisms development

embryo

The measure of the relative contribution that an individual trait makes to the next generation

Fitness

The study of distribution of plants and animals around the world

biogeography

Any change in allele frequencies of a population result from chance

Genetic drift

can occur in a relatively short period of time when one species gives rise to many different species in response to the creation of new habitat or some other ecological opportunity

Adaptive radiation

The theory that evolution occurs slowly in small gradual steps

Gradualism

A theory that attempts to explain abrupt transitions in the fossil record, this theory states that rapid spurts of genetic change cause species to diverge quickly

Punctuated equilibrium

More than how many animal species have been identified

1 million

3 broad groups of plants

Algae, fungus like protists, protozoan

Organisms are classified in domains by

Cell type and structure

Organisms are classified into kingdoms by

cell type, structure, and nutrition

3 Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryote

Who developed the first widely used and accepted system of biological classifications more than 2000 years ago?

Aristotle

The Swedish naturalist formalized Aristotle's classification system into a specific one we use today

Carl Linnaeus

a named group of organisms

taxon

A group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor

Genus

The next higher taxon, consisting of similar related genera

family

Contains related families

Order

Contains related classes

Phylum

A branching diagram that represents a proposed phylogeny about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Cladogram

Scientists use _ __ like amino acids

Biochemical characters

A model used to compare DNA sequences from 2 different species to estimate how long the species have been evolving since they diverged from a common ancestor

Molecular clock

Bacteria have strong cell walls that contain what

Peptidoglycan

3 main types of archaea

methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles

4 prokaryotic structures

Chromosome, capsule, pili, size

Scientists identify prokaryotes by what 3 things

Shape, cell walls, movement

Layer of polysaccharides around a cell wall

capsule

A cladogram is a model similar to a

Pedigree

Bacteria contain large amounts of peptidoglycan

Gram positive

have less peptidoglycan in the cell walls

Gram negative

Cannot synthesis their own food

Heterotrophs

Live in light areas and make their own food

Photoautotrophs

dormant bacterial cell able to survive for long periods of time during extreme environmental conditions

Endospore

Causes the cold

Adenovirus

Causes the flu

influenza

Virus that infects bacteria

bacteriophage

Have RNA instead of DNA with complex replication

Retrovirus

a model representing the many interconnected food chains and pathways in which energy flows through a group of organisms

food web

Structures that are reduced forms of functional structures in other organisms

vestigial structures

Contains related orders

class