Exam 3 Homework Practice Flashcards

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems based on the Exam 3 Homework Packet.

Larynx

The technical term for the voicebox, which houses the vocal cords and is responsible for sound production.

Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere, typically measured at sea level as $760\,mmHg$.

Alveolar Pressure

The pressure of the air within the alveoli of the lungs, also known as intrapulmonary pressure.

Intrapleural Pressure

The pressure within the pleural cavity, which is always slightly less than the atmospheric pressure to keep the lungs inflated.

Boyle's Law

A gas law stating that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume ($P \propto \frac{1}{V}$).

Henry's Law

States that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in contact with the liquid.

Dalton's Law

States that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.

Hemoglobin

The molecule in red blood cells that oxygen binds to for transport to tissues; it also facilitates the transport of carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Tidal Volume

The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a single normal, resting breath.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled forcibly after a normal tidal volume inhalation.

Expiratory Reserve Volume

The additional volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after the completion of a normal tidal volume exhalation.

Residual Volume

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum forceful expiration.

Inspiratory Capacity

The total amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration, calculated as the sum of Tidal Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume.

Vital Capacity

The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation.

Total Lung Capacity

The total volume of air the lungs can hold, calculated as the sum of all lung volumes.

Ventilation-perfusion matching

The physiological mechanism that ensures the matching of blood flow (perfusion) with the intake of oxygen (ventilation) in the pulmonary system.

Chloride shift

The process where chloride ions ($Cl^-$) move into red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions ($HCO_3^-$) to maintain ionic balance during carbon dioxide transport.

Respiratory Minute Volume Formula

$\text{Respiratory Minute Volume} = f \times V_T$, where $f$ is the breathing rate and $V_T$ is the tidal volume.

External Respiration

The exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood within the pulmonary capillaries.

Internal Respiration

The exchange of gases between the blood in systemic capillaries and the tissue cells.

Intrinsic Factor

A glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach necessary for the absorption of vitamin $B_{12}$ in the small intestine.

Amylase

An enzyme found in saliva and pancreatic juice that breaks down carbohydrates into smaller sugars.

Lipase

An enzyme secreted by the pancreas and other organs that breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol.

Rugae

The large folds in the mucous membrane lining the stomach that allow for expansion.

Hepatocytes

The major functional cells of the liver involved in metabolism, detoxification, and bile production.

Hepatic Portal Triad

A structure consisting of three components: a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct.

Nephrons

The structural and functional units of the kidneys responsible for filtering waste products out of the blood to form urine.

Aquaporin

A water channel protein in the renal tubules that allows for the selective reabsorption of water.

Urology

The branch of medicine and study focused on the functional and structural aspects of the urinary system.

Polyuria

A condition characterized by the production of abnormally large volumes of urine.

Oliguria

The production of an abnormally small amount of urine, typically defined as less than $400\,mL/day$ in adults.

Anuria

The failure of the kidneys to produce urine, often defined as less than $50\,mL/day$.

Net Filtration Pressure

The total pressure that promotes filtration in the kidneys, determined by subtracting back-pressures from the glomerular hydrostatic pressure.