chapter 7 psychological disorders

biomedical approach

emphasize biomedical reduction of symptoms

biopsychosocial approach

biological, psychological, and social components to a disorder

direct therapy

acts directly on individual

indirect therapy

increase social support

educating and empowering family of affected individual

indirect therapy

medication, psychologist

direct therapy

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought, disorganized behavior, catatonia, and negative symptoms

psychotic disorder

elements in the environment directed toward the individual

delusions of reference

person is being deliberately interfered with or discriminated against

delusions of persecution

person is remarkable in some significant way

delusions of grandeur

one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

thought broadcasting

thoughts are being removed from one’s head

thought withdrawal

thoughts are being placed in one’s head

thought insertion

invention of new words schizophrenia

neologisms

disorganized speech schizophrenia

word salad

inability to carry out activities of daily living

disorganized behavior

echolalia

repeating words

echopraxia

imitating movements

affect

experience and display of emotion

blunting

reduction in intensity of affect expression

flat affect

no signs of emotional expression

avolition

decreased engagement in purposeful, goal directed actions

inappropriate affect

discordance between affect and speech

schizophrenia

psychotic disorder continuous signs of disturbance for at least six months, including one month of positive symptom

prodromal phase

first stage of schizophrenia

active phase

pronounced psychotic symptoms; diagnosis

residual phase

mental clarity or depression following an active episode

schizotypal personality disorder

personality disorder preceding psychotic symptoms

delusion disorder

psychotic symptoms limited to delusions present for at least a month

brief psychotic disorder

positive psychotic symptoms present for less than a month

schizophreniform disorder

continuous signs of disturbance and positive symptoms for one month

schizoaffective disorder

major mood episodes while also presenting psychotic symptoms

sig e. caps

sadness, sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor symptoms, suicidal thoughts

major depressive disorder

2-week period in which 5 of 9 depressive symptoms are encountered and includes depressed mood or anhedonia

inability to feel and anticipate pleasure

anhedonia

persistent depressive disorder

dysthymia depressed mood on majority of days for at least 2 years

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

ages 6-10 persistent and recurrent emotional irritability in multiple environments

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

mood changes occurring a few days before menses

dig fast

distractibility, irresponsibility, grandiosity, flight of thoughts, activity or agitation, sleep, talkative

hypomanic episode

symptoms present for at least 4 days with at least 3/7 manic symptoms

manic episode

3/7 manic symptoms are severe enough to impair a person’s activities for 7 days

bipolar i disorder

manic episodes

bipolar ii disorder

major depressive episode and hypomanic episode

cyclothymic disorder

both manic and depressive symptoms not severe enough to be considered episodes for over a 2-year period

catecholamine theory of depression

mania results from excess serotonin and norepinephrine, depression results from too little

selective mutism

consistent inability to speak in social situations associated with social anxiety disorder

panic disorder

recurrence of panic attacks

expected panic attacks

associated with triggers

agoraphobia

anxiety disorder fear of being in places or situations that are difficult to escape

generalized anxiety disorder

disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things

obsessions

perceived needs that produce tension

compulsion

repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause significant impairment in person’s life

preoccupation

worry that lacks disastrous ideation (unlike obsessions)

excoriation disorder

pick at skin ocd

ptsd

intrusion, arousal, avoidance, negative cognitive symptoms for one month

acute stress disorder

ptsd symptoms for less than a month

intrusion symptoms

ptsd recurrent reliving of event

arousal symptoms

ptsd increased startle response

avoidance symptoms

ptsd deliberate attempts to avoid memories

negative cognitive symptoms

ptsd inability to recall key features of trauma

dissociative disorders

avoid stress by escaping parts of their identity

dissociative amnesia

inability to recall past experiences linked to trauma

dissociative fugue

sudden, unexpected move or purposeless wandering away from home

dissociative identity disorder

multiple personalities recurrently take control

depersonalization

detachment from own mind/body without psychotic hallucination/delusion

derealization

detachment from surroundings without psychotic hallucination/delusion

somatic symptom disorder

somatic symptom accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness

illness anxiety disorder

thoughts about developoing a serious medical condition

conversion disorder

symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory functions incompatible with neurophysiological condition (ie blindness, paralysis)

la belle indifference

lack of concern by symptoms of conversion disorder

personality disorder

inflexible and maladaptive pattern of behavior resulting in impaired function in cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse control

ego-syntonic

personality disorders view behavior as normal

ego-dystonic

personality disorders view illness as thrust upon them

paranoid cluster

A

schizotypal cluster

A

schizoid cluster

A

antisocial cluster

B

borderline cluster

B

histrionic cluster

B

narcissistic cluster

B

avoidant cluster

C

dependent cluster

C

obsessive-compulsive cluster

C

paranoid personality disorder

pervasive suspicion of others

schizotypal personality disorder

ideas of reference, superstitiousness, clarivoyance

schizoid personality disorder

pervasive detachment from social relationships

antisocial personality disorder

disregard for and violations of the rights of others

borderline personality disorder

pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, self-image

splitting

viewing others as all good or all bad in borderline personality disorders

histrionic personality disorder

constant attention-seeking behavior

narcissistic personality disorder

grandiose sense of self-importance

avoidant personality disorder

extreme shyness and fear of rejection

dependent personality disorder

continuous need for reassurance

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

ego-syntonic

antipsychotics

neuroleptics depress nerve function

obsessive-compulsive disorder

ego-dystonic

cluster A

paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

cluster B

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

cluster C

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive