2024 Fall Final Exam – Study Guide Flashcards

Flashcards for the 2024 Fall Final Exam Study Guide, covering key concepts from the lecture notes.

What are the eleven orders to the sentry?

You should know them. But here they are.

1. To take charge of this post and all government property in view.

2. To walk my post in a military manner, keeping always on the alert, and observing everything that takes place within sight or hearing.

3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to enforce.

4. To repeat all calls from posts more distant from the guard house than my own.

5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.

6. To receive, obey and pass on to the sentry who relieves me, all orders from the Commanding Officer, Command Duty Officer, Officer of the Deck, and Officers and Petty Officers of the Watch only.

7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty.

8. To give the alarm in case of fire or disorder.

9. To call the Officer of the Deck in any case not covered by instructions.

10. To salute all officers and all colors and standards not cased.

11. To be especially watchful at night, and, during the time for challenging, to challenge all persons on or near my post and to allow no one to pass without proper authority

How many nuclear weapons tests occurred in history?

2056 (2057 if Vela incident is counted).

Which countries have possessed functioning nuclear weapons?

The United States, USSR (Russia), United Kingdom, France, People’s Republic of China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel (unacknowledged), and South Africa.

What was the Iron Curtain?

A metaphorical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

Between what two seas did the Iron Curtain extend?

Between the Baltic Sea and Adriatic Sea.

What countries were on the west side of the Iron Curtain?

West Germany, Austria, Italy.

What countries were on the east side of the Iron Curtain?

East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia.

When did the Berlin Airlift occur?

1948-1949.

Why did the Berlin Airlift occur?

France, UK, and USA agreed to replace the Reichsmark with the Deutschmark without Soviet assent. Soviets closed land borders.

What was the outcome of the Berlin Airlift?

British and Americans flew supplies into West Berlin every six minutes. Soviets relented and reopened rail and highway links.

Into what sectors was Germany divided following WWII?

Four temporary occupation sectors (Britain-north, France-west, United States-south, Soviet Union-east) and two permanent cessions to Poland and the Soviet Union (Russia).

Which countries occupied each sector of Germany following WWII?

Britain, France, United States, Soviet Union.

What does NATO mean?

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, formed in 1949.

What countries formed NATO initially?

Canada, United States, Denmark (with Greenland), Iceland, Norway, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Portugal, Italy.

What was NATO's purpose?

Collective defense treaty against Soviet aggression and to block the Soviet Union’s naval access to the Atlantic Ocean.

What was the Warsaw Pact?

The Soviet Union’s answer to NATO, founded in 1955.

What countries belonged to the Warsaw Pact?

East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Soviet Union.

What was the governing economic and political philosophy of the USSR?

Bolshevism, Marxism, Leninism, Communism.

Describe the USSR's economic and political system.

The state owned the means of production and the government was a one-party dictatorship.

What is the governing economic philosophy of the USA?

Free market economics (Capitalism).

What is the governing political philosophy of the USA?

Democratic republicanism.

What primary countries fought on each side of the Korean War?

South Korea/UN side: Republic of Korea, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Greece, Ethiopia, Colombia, Turkey, Thailand, Philippines, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy, West Germany, India. North Korea side: Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, People’s Republic of China, Soviet Union.

What primary countries fought on the South Korea/UN side of the Korean War?

Republic of Korea, United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Canada, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Greece, Ethiopia, Colombia, Turkey, Thailand, Philippines, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy, West Germany, India.

What primary countries fought on the North Korea side of the Korean War?

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, People’s Republic of China, Soviet Union.

Why was the Korean War fought?

Due to North Korea invading South Korea.

What was the basic movement of the front lines in the Korean War?

The battle lines moved from the 38th Parallel down to the Pusan Perimeter and then back up to the DMZ.

When did the Chinese Civil War occur?

1927 onwards.

What governments were on either side of the Chinese Civil War?

The Nationalist government (Republic of China) vs. the Chinese Communist Party and former imperial generals (warlords).

What were the economic and political philosophies of the governments in the Chinese Civil War?

Nationalists (ROC): initially, it was a very corrupted form a capitalism, especially after they retreated to Taiwan. Chinese Communist Party: Maoist version of Communism.

On what territory is the Republic of China today?

Taiwan.

What occurred during the U-2 Spy Plane incident?

In 1960, the Soviets shot down a U.S. U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union. The pilot, Francis Gary Powers, was captured, causing embarrassment for the United States. He was later exchanged for a Soviet spy in 1962 at the Glienicke Bridge in Berlin.

What year was the Berlin Wall constructed? What did the Berlin Wall separate?

The Berlin Wall was first constructed at midnight on August 12, 1961. The Wall separated East Berlin from West Berlin. The East German government constructed the Wall to prevent the loss of population to West Berlin, from which they'd fly to West Germany.

What was the Domino Theory?

The Domino Theory asserts that when one country falls to Communism, others will follow. This was seen in French Indochina with the fall of Cambodia, South Vietnam, and Laos.

What countries now exist in what was the former French Indochina?

Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

What was the governing political philosophy of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam?

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam (formerly North Vietnam; all of Vietnam after April 30, 1975) is a Communist one-party state. They were supported by the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.

What was the governing political philosophy of the Republic of Vietnam?

The Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) was a democratic republic with a free market Capitalist economic system from 1955-1975.

For which country did 1st Lt. Ve Tran fight?

1st Lt. Ve Tran fought for South Vietnam.

What was the Malayan Emergency?

The Malayan Emergency (1948-1960) was the war in which British Commonwealth countries fought against the Communist insurgency of the Malayan National Liberation Army.

What country supported the MNLA during the Malayan Emergency?

The Chinese Communist Party and PRC supported the MNLA during the Malayan Emergency.

What was the ethnicity of most MNLA members?

Most MNLA members were ethnically Chinese.

What was the HUKBALAHAP?

The HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon, "People's Army Against the Japanese") was a Communist-led insurgency against Japanese occupation during World War II. After World War II, the HUKBALAHAP and PKP continued their insurgency against the Philippine democratic and Capitalist government until it was disbanded in 1954.

What was the PKP?

The PKP (Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas) was the Philippine Communist Party. It had a military branch called HUKBALAHAP during and after World War II.

What is the NPA?

The New People's Army (NPA) still exists today on the island of Luzon in the northern Philippines. It was established in 1969 and has led a continuing Communist insurgency against the Philippine government.

What was the PKI?

The PKI was the Partai Komunis Indonesia, the Indonesian Communist Party. It was the third largest Communist Party in the world, after the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communist Party.

What was the Konfrontasi?

Under President Sukarno, and largely through the anti-colonial influence of the PKI, Indonesia commenced the Konfrontasi against North Borneo and Singapore from 1963-1966. It was an attempt to quell British influence over the future of the former British colonies in North Borneo and Singapore.

What was G30S?

G30S was the attempted PKI coup d'etat against the government of President Sukarno that occurred on October 1, 1965. It was used as a pretext by General Suharto and the military to take control of Indonesia and purge the Communist PKI.

In the 1960s, what country had the third largest Communist Party membership in the world?

Indonesia.

What happened in Cambodia when South Vietnam began to lose the Vietnam War?

The Khmer Rouge, which had been engaged in a Communist insurgency against the Kingdom of Cambodia since 1967, overthrew the government of the Khmer Republic on April 17, 1975. The Vietnam War had spilled into Cambodia and Laos because the North Vietnamese Army had been moving supplies through Laos and Cambodia to supply the Communist Viet Cong insurgents in South Vietnam, via the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Eventually, this bombing, and the end of the Khmer kingdom, destabilized Cambodia, leading to the rise of the Khmer Rouge, who eventually succeeded in taking Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, on April 17, 1975.

Who were the Khmer Rouge?

The Khmer Rouge were the "Red Khmers," Khmer Communists. Khmer is the term used by Cambodians to describe their nationality.

What did the Khmer Rouge do in Phnom Penh when Pol Pot declared "Year Zero" on April 17, 1975?

When the Khmer Rouge seized Phnom Penh, the capital of Cambodia, on April 17, 1975, the leader of the Khmer Rouge, Pol Pot, declared "Year Zero," inspired by the French Revolutionary declaration of Year One, during the French Revolution.

What did the Khmer Rouge do upon taking power in Cambodia?

The Khmer Rouge emptied the population of Phnom Penh and other Cambodian cities and set about eliminating all people associated with foreign influences and the past. The Khmer Rouge killed all intellectuals, doctors, engineers, professors, university students, teachers, people who wore glasses (because they could read books from the past), people who spoke foreign languages (because they were corrupted by foreign influence). Children, except for the very young, were separated from their parents and taught not to trust members of their parents' generation, or their parents. All non-Party members were treated as slaves in work camps and were often worked to death. The Khmer Rouge tried to make murder a fact of life to be accepted, especially with respect to Traitors Against the Revolution. In the four years that the Khmer Rouge ruled Cambodia, they are estimated to have killed 3.5 million people, half of the population.

What was Operation Frequent Wind?

Operation Frequent Wind was the United States plan to evacuate American personnel and friendly South Vietnamese from Saigon should the South Vietnamese government fall to the Communists.

When did Operation Frequent Wind occur?

Operation Frequent Wind occurred on April 29 and 30, 1975.

On April 30, 1975, a North Vietnamese Army tank crashed through the gates of the South Vietnamese Presidential Palace and the government of South Vietnam soon thereafter ceased to exist

When did the Berlin Wall fall?

The Berlin Wall officially fell on November 9, 1989.

What happened when the Berlin Wall fell?

Thousands of people massed at the Bernauer Strasse border crossing and demanded to leave East Germany. The border guards were completely taken by surprise and were utterly unprepared for the onslaught. The commander of the border station opened the gate to avoid a trampling catastrophe; East Germans began streaming into West Berlin, West Berliners rushed to the Wall to join the East Germans.

What was the fate of Germany after the Fall of the Berlin Wall?

East German Communist Party leaders resigned their posts; Free and fair elections were organized and the Communist Party was voted out of power; The new legislature voted to disband the government of East Germany and to merge with West Germany; East Germany ceased to exist, on October 1, 1990.

What happened to NATO after the Fall of the Berlin Wall?

After the Fall of the Berlin Wall, former East Germany was added to NATO when it reunified with West Germany. In 1999, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary joined NATO. In 2004, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined NATO. By 2020, four more of the former seven constituent parts of Yugoslavia had joined NATO.

What happened to the Warsaw Pact after the Fall of the Berlin Wall?

In July 1991, the Warsaw Pact was dissolved. Without the threat of forceful military occupation by the Soviet Union, one by one, the Communist governments of Eastern Europe fell. In the case of Romania, there was an armed revolution against the Communist government.

What countries today are members of NATO that were former members of the Warsaw Pact?

East Germany (merged with West Germany), Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia (formerly Czechoslovakia), Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Estonia (formerly a constituent republic of the Soviet Union), Latvia (formerly a constituent republic of the Soviet Union), Lithuania (formerly a constituent republic of the Soviet Union). Basically, all of the Warsaw Pact eventually joined NATO, except for the whole former Soviet Union. Of the former Soviet Union's 15 constituent republics, only Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have joined NATO

When did the Cold War officially end?

With the demise of the Soviet Union, on December 31, 1991.