Gender and Crime Chapter 8

Violence Against Women

Physical, sexual, and psychological harm or suffering directed towards women, often considered a global human rights issue.

Sexual Exploitation

Abuse of power for sexual purposes, including rape, child sexual assault, and harassment, which may not always involve physical violence.

Intimate Partner Abuse

Abuse occurring within an intimate relationship, which can be physical, emotional, psychological, or economic.

Nonviolent Abuse

Abusive behaviors that do not involve physical violence but cause significant harm, such as threats, manipulation, and verbal abuse.

Gendered Stress

Stress experienced differently based on gender, often contributing to gendered patterns in mental health.

Sexual Harassment

Unwanted and inappropriate sexual remarks or physical advances, often occurring in workplaces.

Physical Assault

The act of inflicting physical harm on someone.

Sexual Abuse

Unwanted sexual activity, often involving power dynamics and abuse of trust.

Reproductive Coercion

Coerced and forced sterilization or pregnancies and births.

Forced Marriage

Marriage where duress is used to obtain consent, including physical, financial, or emotional violence.

Revenge Porn

The non-consensual distribution of sexual images, often by an ex-partner, causing significant harm to survivors.

Elder Abuse

Abuse committed against older individuals, often disproportionately affecting women, including sexual abuse by caretakers.

Gender Role Stereotyping

The assignment of different roles and expectations to individuals based on their gender.

Rape Culture

The mechanism that channels toxic masculinity into socially legitimized practices of sexual violence.

Hypersexualization

Intense sexualization of individuals, often more intensely applied to women, especially in media representations.

Rape Myths

False beliefs about rape that blame the survivor, trivialize the assault, or exonerate the perpetrator.

Just World Belief

The belief that the environment is just and orderly, where people get what they deserve.

Hostile Sexism

Negative attitudes and beliefs about women that justify male dominance and gender inequality.

Victim-Blaming

The tendency to blame survivors for their victimization, often seen in cases of GBA.

Gender Socialization

The process of teaching individuals the norms, values, and behaviors associated with their gender.

Gender Inequality

The unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender.

Widowhood

The state of having lost one's spouse to death, which can increase women's vulnerability to GBAs.

Civil Wars

Internal conflicts within a country, often exacerbating gender inequalities and resulting in GBAs.

Gender-Based Abuse (GBA)

Abuse directed at an individual based on their gender.

Paradox of Fear

The phenomenon where women and the elderly, despite lower victimization rates, have a higher fear of crime.

Physical Vulnerability

The idea that women are typically smaller and perceived as weaker than men.

Gender Socialization

The process by which individuals learn the norms and values associated with their gender.

Patriarchy

A social system where men hold primary power.

Shadow of Sexual Assault

The fear of crime generally being heightened for women due to the fear of sexual assault.

Racial Constructs

Socially constructed ideas about race used to justify actions like slavery and colonization.

Stigmatized

Describing someone in a way that shames or discriminates against them.

Jezebels

A stereotype of Black women as having an insatiable appetite for sex.

Redefining Rape

Freedman's book that details the historical connections between rape definitions and intersections of gender, race, and sexuality.

At the Dark End of the Street

McGuire's book documenting White men raping African American women during the civil rights movement.

Slave Codes

Laws that defined the status of slaves and the rights of slave owners.

Oppression/Marginalization

The systemic discrimination or disadvantage experienced by certain groups.

Racialized Sexual Harassment

Harassment that involves both racial and sexual discrimination.

Intersectional Harassment

Harassment that involves multiple forms of discrimination, such as gender, race, and class.

Criminal Legal System (CLS)

The institutions and processes responsible for enforcing the law and administering justice.

Progressives

Individuals advocating for social reform and justice.

Human Trafficking

The illegal trade of humans for exploitation or commercial gain.

Sex Trafficking

A form of human trafficking involving the exploitation of individuals through coercion, abduction, or deceit for sex work.

Invisibility

The state of being unseen or unrecognized, making it difficult to address the issue.

Displacement

Forced movement of people from their homes due to wars or trafficking.

Legal Limbo

A state of legal uncertainty or indeterminacy, often affecting undocumented immigrants.

White Slavery

A racist term implying that only certain racial groups can be victims of exploitation.

Tracking Victims Protection Act (TVPA)

Comprehensive federal anti-trafficking legislation in the U.S., focusing on criminalization.

Corporate/Organizational Victimization

Victimization perpetrated by corporations or organizations, often related to products impacting health and safety.

Capsular Contracture

A common complication where breast tissue grows around the implant, causing contraction and pain.

Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL)

A rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with breast implants.

Silicone Gel Breast Implants

Breast implants filled with silicone gel, known for their risks and complications.

Class Action Settlement

A legal settlement in which a group of people collectively bring a claim to court or settle a claim.

FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

U.S. agency responsible for regulating food, drugs, and medical devices.

Ethical Violation

Breach of ethical standards, often related to conflicts of interest or misconduct.

Egg Donation/Egg Sharing

The process by which women donate their eggs for use by infertile couples.

Racist and Classist Assumptions

Prejudiced beliefs about the superiority of certain races or social classes.

Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome

A condition caused by excessive stimulation of the ovaries, which can lead to serious health complications.

Commodification

Treating something that cannot be owned or is priceless as a commodity that can be traded.

Hyperovulation

The release of multiple eggs during one menstrual cycle, often induced by fertility drugs.

Corporate Violence

Harm caused by corporations through unethical practices and inadequate safety measures.

Ethical Concerns

Issues related to the morality and fairness of certain practices, especially those affecting vulnerable populations.

Green Crimes

Crimes resulting from environmentally damaging behaviors, often unregulated or permitted by laws.

Environmental Criminology

The study of crimes that harm the environment and living entities.

Eco-Global Criminology

A broader perspective of environmental criminology that considers global impacts.

State-Corporate Crimes

Crimes resulting from the collusion between governments and corporations, particularly in the context of environmental harm.

Neoliberal Political Economy

An economic system that emphasizes free-market capitalism, often leading to deregulation and reduced government intervention.

Invisible Victims

Individuals or groups who suffer harm from crimes but are often overlooked or unrecognized.

MMIWG (Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls)

Refers to the crisis of Indigenous women and girls who have gone missing or been murdered in North America.

Interracial

Occurring within the same race.

Colonial Terror

The use of violence and intimidation by colonizers to control and oppress Indigenous populations.

Life Course Theory

A theoretical framework that studies individuals' lives over time, considering policy, societal structure, and historical events.

Pathways Analysis

An approach that examines the various factors and relationships that influence individuals' life trajectories.

Disposability

The perception of certain groups as expendable or of little value. Highway of Tears

Carceral Feminisms

Feminist approaches that support the use of the criminal legal system to address gender-based violence, which may inadvertently harm marginalized communities.

Hierarchical

Arranged in a rank or order of authority.

Coercively Authoritative

Exercising control through force or threats.

Patriarchal Dominance

A social system in which men hold primary power.

Economic Exploitation

The unfair use of resources or labor for profit.

Colonialist Notions of Progress

Ideas that support the advancement of society at the expense of colonized or marginalized groups.

White Supremacy

The belief that white people are superior to those of other races and should dominate society.

Ethno-Nationalist Elements

Groups or ideologies that promote the interests of a particular ethnic group or nation, often at the expense of others.

Transnational Feminist Activism

Feminist efforts that span across national borders to address gender-based issues.

Obstetric Fistula

A medical condition resulting from childbirth complications, causing a hole between the birth canal and bladder or rectum.

Violence Against Women Act

U.S. legislation aimed at improving the criminal justice response to violence against women.

Gender Power Disparity

The unequal distribution of power and resources between genders.

Marginalized

Individuals or groups who are excluded or disadvantaged in society.