PSYCH

what is priming and give an example?

a response to a stimulus based on experiences with it or a related one

ex). after seeing fast food comercials all day im going to want to eat panda express and not a salad

what is implicit memory

it is when memories are NOT consciously retrieved; it is expressed through an action, response, or reaction.

ex). Driving a car

what is a type of implicit memory and is it resistant to decay?

procedural memory and it is resistant to decay because its “muscle memory”

what is an example of procedural skills

cognitive skills such as reading

what is explicit memory

explicit memory are consciously recalled - exams use this memory

what are the 2 different categories of explicit memory

episodic memory and semantic memory

what is episodic memory and an example of it

this is when you remember a specific episode of your life

ex). what happened on your 15th birthday

what is semantic memory

the concepts so its memory of facts independent to your personal experience

what are the 3 stages of memory

encoding, storage, and retrieval

what is encoding?

the process of a stimulus being transformed into a memory

T/F You are more likely to encode a stimulus into a memory if you are paying attention.

true

what is the dual-coding hypothesis?

this means that you are more likely to remember a stimulus if it is double encoding visually and verbally

what is maintenance rehearsal

the process of repeating information over and over again to encode it

what is elaborative rehearsal

this is being elaborative with the information because you think of it in a conceptual way and which encodes it deeper

what are schemas and an example of it

basically biases that we have in that help us perceive and understand stimulus

ex). knowing that the stove is hot

in the second stage of memory which is storage, theres a 3-part model of memory what is it differentiated by?

the length of time the information is retained in memory

what are the 3-parts of the model of memory

1. sensory memory

2. short term memory

3. long term memory

(3-part model of memory)

what is sensory memory and how long does it last

this is all the stimulus we are experiencing at one, but not only are we not aware of this happening it only lasts a fraction of a second

(3-part model of memory) in the sensory memory there are 2 different types of memory what are they and their definitions?

iconic memory- being able to remember something that you only looked at for a second

echoic memory - being able to tell a person that you werent paying attention to what they said

(3-part model of memory)

What is short-term memory

a cognitive system that temporarily stores information and its for CURRENT use

ex). someone telling you their phone number and you remembering it to write it down in the moment

(3-part model of memory)

what is working memory?

working memory is what we are consciously focusing on at any point in time

(3-part model of memory)

how is working memory different from short term memory

working memory is active and It acts as a mental workspace that not only stores information temporarily but also lets you manipulate, rearrange, or use that data to solve problems.

short term memory is passive and It holds a small amount of information (about 3 to 5 items) in your mind for a brief period

(3-part model of memory)

how many pieces of information can working memory hold

7 =- 2 so (5-9) but in newer research its 3-4

(3-part model of memory)

In regard to long-term memory, what is the serial position effect

items in the beginning and end of the list are more easily remembered than the middle

(3-part model of memory)

what is the primacy effect

having better memory for items presented at the beginning of lists

(3-part model of memory)

what is the recency effect

having better memory for items presented at the end of the list

what is consolidaition?

the process of forming the lasting connection that represents long-term memory

(3-part model of memory)

what is long-term potentiation?

the strengthening of a synaptic connection, which makes the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons

(3-part model of memory)

T/F. memories are consolidated by using long-term potentiation

True - neurons that fire together, wire together

(3-part model of memory)

what 2 things enhance consolidaiton

replay of the information

emotions - the more intense the more you remember

(3-part model of memory)

what are flashbulb memories and an example of it

Vivid memories of the circumstances in which people first learn of a surprising or emotional event

ex). 9/11

(3-part model of memory)

In long term memory (still) it was believed that once a memory was consolidated, it as in a stable state in the brain and it was unchanging. Although new evidence presents that when a memory is retrieved (but not always) it is ______.

RECONSOLIDATED

(3-part model of memory)

what happens during reconsolidation and what results from it?

the original memory can be modified or strengthened which results in an altered memory

(3-part model of memory)

in terms of reconsolidation, what role does memory strengthening play?

increases a reactivated memory's persistence, precision, and resistance to interference.

(3-part model of memory)

What is retrieval practice and a retrieval cue?

retrieval practice - a strategy of bringing information to your mind by actively recalling it

retrieval cue - anything that helps a person recall a memory

(3-part model of memory)

what is the encoding specificity principle and an example of it?

any stimulus encoded along with an experience that helps you remember it later

ex). When a song plays and you remember making out with your ex to it 

(3-part model of memory)

what is context-dependent memory and an example?

memory that you remember by being in a similar if not the same encoding situation

ex). physical location and smell

(3-part model of memory)

what is state dependent memory and an example?

when your internal conditions act as retrieval cues

ex) at the end of a bad day negative memories resurface

(3-part model of memory)

what is prospective memory and an example?

memory of things that you need to remember to do in the future

ex). going to the store for milk and bread later

(3-part model of memory)

what is retrieval- induced forgetting and an example?

this happens when you retrieve the information from your long term memory so often that it impairs your ability to recall a related item in the future

ex). how good a cake was at the party can impair your memory by making you forget how the other foods tasted

(3-part model of memory)

Forgetting is really common in long term memory, but that doesn't mean that its not there. Traces of your memory might still exist. The difference between the original learning time and relearning is called _____

SAVINGS

(3-part model of memory)

what is retroactive interference in regards to forgetting?

when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

(3-part model of memory)

what is Proactive interference in regards to forgetting?

old information that inhibits your ability to learn new information

(3-part model of memory)

what is blocking and an example?

when a person is temporarily unable to remember something

ex). not being able to recall the name of your favorite song

(3-part model of memory)

what is absentmindedness and an example of it?

this is when you arent paying attention to something because you are doing something else so it causes you to forget

ex). forgetting someones name that was told to you 5 minutes ago because you were focused on the situation

(3-part model of memory)

what is persistence and an example of it?

this happens when unwanted memories ae remembered despite you not wanting to

ex). the replay of you farting in class

(3-part model of memory)

what is memory bias and an example?

changing your memory over time so that they become consistent with your now current beliefs

ex). conveniently forgetting thst you used to bully someone

(3-part model of memory)

what is source misattribution?

when people misremember the time, place, person or circumstance involved with a memory

what are the 3 types of learning?

nonassociative, associative, and social

(Learning)

what is nonassociative learning and an example?

learning to adjust responses to a repeated stimulus

ex). me getting used to the honking outside my dorm when it used to bother me in the beginning of the semester

what are the 2 most common forms of nonassociative learning?

habituation and sensitization

(Learning)

What is habituation

when our behavioral response to a stimulus decreases

(Learning)

what is sensitization

When our behavioral response to a stimulus increases, it usually has to be meaningful, such as something dangerous or painful

(Learning)

what is dishabituation

the increase in a response because of a change in something familiar

(Learning)

what is associative learning and one example

learning the link between 2 stimuli or events that go together

ex. loli getting excited when i pick up her leash because she knows its time for a walk

(Learning)

what are the 2 types of associative learning?

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

(Associative Learning)

what is classical conditioning and an example

when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus

ex). at the doctors if you see a needle you feel nervous because you know a shot is coming

(Associative Learning)

what is neutral stimulus in classical conditioning?

can be anything we see and hear as long as its not associated with something already (in the case of the textbook it was food)

(Associative Learning)

what is an unconditoned response?

this is when your body responds to something unconsciously, it is not learned

(in the textbook it was the dogs saliva)

(Associative Learning)

what is an unconditioned stimulus?

any even that triggers a response/physicla reaction without any prior training and is an automatic behavior

(in the textbook it was the dogs food)

(Associative Learning)

What is a conditioned stimulus

this is an intially. neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a learned response after it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus

(in the textbook this was the bell)

(Associative Learning)

what is a conditioned response?

the learned behavior

(in the textbook this was the saliva to the bell)

(Associative Learning)

what is acquisition?

the formation of an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

(think of acquiring a link between the 2)

(Associative Learning)

what is extinction?

the gradual weakening and final disappearance of a learned behavior when it is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

(Associative Learning)

what is spontaneous recovery?

when extinction has occurred, but the conditioned response emerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

(Associative Learning)

what is stimulus generalization and an example

this is when a stimuli is similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus that produces the conditioned response

ex). fearing all dogs once one bites you

(Associative Learning)

what is stimulus discrimination and an example of it

the learned ability to respond only to a specific stimulus while ignoring similar, alternative cues

ex). the dogs not salivating at a different bell only the one that was used to train them

(Associative Learning)

what is single-trial learning, and an example

this is when it only takes you one time to cause you to never want to do it again

ex). getting food poisoning at a restaurant makes you not go back

(Associative Learning)

what is biological preparedness?

orginisms are naturally wired by evolution to form certain survival-linked associations

(Associative Learning)

what is learned taste aversion

a strong dislike for a specific food or drink that develop after it makes you feel sick

(Associative Learning- O)

what is operant conditioning

when we learn that a behavior represents a way to attain something ( a reward) or aviod something (a punishment)

(Associative Learning- O)

what is the law of effect?

behaviors that are reinforced will increase in frequency and behaviors that are punished wont

(Associative Learning- O)

What is positive (+) reinforcement, and an example

This is when something is added in order to reward

ex). My dad taking me to get ice cream for acing my exam

(Associative Learning- O)

what is negative (-) reinforcement and an example

this is when something is taken away to reward

ex). not having to do the dishes

(Associative Learning- O)

what is postive (+) punishment and an example?

this is when something is added to you in order to punish

ex). having to mow the lawn for misbehaving

(Associative Learning- O)

what is negative (-) punishment and an example

this is when something is being taken away for misbehaving

ex). getting my phone taken for talking back

(Associative Learning- O)

what is shaping and an example

this is when you are showing someone how to do something by rewarding each step

ex). teaching lola to fetch

(Associative Learning- O)

what are the 2 schedules of reinforcement

continuous and partial

(Associative Learning- O)

what is continuous reinforcement

reinforcing a behavior EACH time it is done - this leads to fast learning but is more prone to extinction

(Associative Learning- O)

what is partial reinforcement and an example

this is a response being rewarded only part of the time it occurs

ex). paying a worker hourly

(Associative Learning- O)

what is a ratio schedule based on and an example?

when a behavior is reinforced (rewarded) on a random occurrence

ex) mom taking you to go eat after grocery shopping randomly

(Associative Learning- O)

what is an interval schedule and an example

this is when its based on a specific unit of time

ex) getting paid by the hour to work at whata

(Associative Learning- O)

what is a fixed interval schedule and an example

when reward is provided after a certain amount of time has passed

ex) getting paid by the hour at whata

(Associative Learning- O)

what is a variable interval and an example?

when reinforcement is provided after a passage of time but its not regularly or fixed

ex). having to do my readings because i dont know when theres going to be a quiz on them

(Associative Learning- O)

what is a fixed-ratio schedule and an example

when reinforcement is provied after a certain number of things you have done

ex). getting paid for the amount of bracelets i make and not how long

(Associative Learning- O)

what is a variable ratio schedule and an example?

when reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable amount of responses

ex). going to gamble on the machines

(Associative Learning- O)

what is the partial-reinforcemnt extinction effect

where behaviors that are reinforced only intermittently (partially) take much longer to stop—or extinguish—than behaviors that are reinforced every single time

(Social Learning)

what is social learning and an example

this is when you learn by instruction or observing how others behave

ex). learning manner from watching your parents and them telling you

(Social Learning)

Observational learning has 2 different types what are they?

vicarious learning and instructed learning

(Social Learning)

what is vicarious learning and an example

this is when you learn to engage in a behavior or not after seeing another person being rewarded or punished for perforiming that action

ex). a student getting in trouble in front of the whole class for not doing his homework

(Social Learning)

what is instructed learning and an example

this is when you learn associations and behaviors through verbal communication

ex). learning in school

(Thinking)

what are the 2 different types of mental representations?

analogical and symbolic

(Thinking)

What are analogical representations and an example

a method of storing, showing, or processing information by using physical properties or mental models that directly mirror the structure, shape, or continuous scale of the original object or idea

ex). the movement of a clock representing the passage of time

(Thinking)

what are symbolic representations and an example

the use of signs, words, or images to stand for real objects, abstract ideas, or groups of people

ex). the flag standing for the citizens of that country or a red heart standing for love

(Thinking)

what are schemas?

a mental framework or blueprint that helps the brain organize and interpret information

(Thinking)

What are heuristics

shortcuts that the brain uses to reduce the amount of thinking needed to make decisions

(Thinking)

What are availability heuristics and an example

the general tendency to make a decision based on the answer that comes most easily to your mind

ex). when asked what's my favorite movie, the ones that come to mind are the ones I've watched recently 

(Thinking)

what are representativeness heuristics and an example

the tendency to place a person or an object in a category that you think is similar to what what you think that category should look like

ex). On the first day of class, a person in a t-shirt and jeans walks in. You assume they are a fellow student rather than the professor because they do not match your visual prototype of an academic

(Thinking)

what is confirmation bias

when we selectively pay attention to the things that confirm what we believe

(Thinking)

What is an anchor

a reference point in decision-making