IDS2935 Linguistic Prejudice Exam 2

Linguistic Prejudice

a form of prejudice in which people hold implicit biases about others based on the way they speak

Communicative Effectiveness

the process of exchanging ideas, thoughts, opinions, knowledge, and data so that the message is received and understood with clarity and purpose

Standard Language Ideology

the belief that there is one dialect which is superior to others and that this is only correct or legitimate form of the language

First Language

the first language a person learns at home in childhood

Overt Prestige

type of prestige attached to a particular variety of language by the community at large that defines how people should speak in order to gain status in the wider community

Stereotype

a generalized belief about a group of people

Implicit Attitude Tests

measures the strength of associations between concepts (e.g., black people, gay people) and evaluations (e.g., good, bad) or stereotypes (e.g., athletic, clumsy).

Sociolinguistic Interview

an interview, usually one on one, in which different tasks or activities are used to elicit different styles of speech

Hispanic American English

a nonstandard variety of the English language influenced by the Spanish language and spoken as a native dialect by both bilingual and monolingual speakers; sometimes called Chicano English

Monophthongization

a phonological rule that shifts the pronunciation of a diphthong (sound of the combination of two vowels into a single syllable) to a monophthong (vowel that his a single pronunciation); also known as ungliding vowels

Descriptive

focuses on how speakers and writers actually use the language, not on how they should use it

Prescriptive

focuses on upholding rules related to speaking and writing a language

Standard American English

the form of the English language used in the United States in formal and professional speech and writing, as taught in schools and heard on newscasts, adhering to fixed norms of spelling, grammar, and usage in written and spoken contexts, and neutralizing nonstandard dialectal variation

Accent

the manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world

Second Language

any language that has been learned subsequent to the acquisition of the first language. The term additional language is sometimes preferred.

Covert Prestige

status gained from peer group recognition, rather than public acknowledgement

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Matched Guise Technique

research methodology to measure people's attitudes towards a speaker based solely on speech style

Race vs. Ethnicity

race is a social construct that groups people based on physical appearance, characteristics, and ethnicity. ethnicity is clusters of people who have common cultural traits that distinguish them from other people

African-American Vernacular English

a version of English that has its roots in West African, Caribbean, and U.S. slave languages

Double Negatives

a non-standard sentence construction that uses two negative forms. Double negatives are created by adding a negation to the verb and to the modifier of the noun or to the object of the verb
ex: the pilot can't find no place to land.

Variety

any variant of a language which can be sufficiently delimited from another one

Acquisition

the process by which humans acquire the ability to comprehend and produce language, either as their first or second (third, etc.) language

Prejudice

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience

Implicit Bias

a hidden, automatic attitude that may guide behaviors independent of a person's awareness or control

Observer's Paradox

when people are aware that their behavior is being observed, they alter their behavior

Code-switching

switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context

Non-rhotic

an accent or dialect having the characteristic that /r/ is not pronounced after vowels

Asian Americans

all people in the US with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

model minority

the cultural expectation placed on Asian Americans as a group that each individual will be: smart (i.e., naturally good at math, science and technology), wealthy, hard-working, self-reliant, living the “American dream," docile and submissive, obedient and uncomplaining

Face Effect

Dr. Kutlu’s talk Monday: the face effect
■ To summarize:
– Amer. Eng. with a White face: no problem, no accent
– Amer. Eng. with a SouthAsian face: some problems, some accent
– Ind. Eng. with a SouthAsian face: a lot of problems, a lot of accent
– Ind. Eng. with a White face: not much of a problem/accent

inner circle/Outer circle Englishes

The Inner Circle presents the countries where English is used as a native language and as a first language among people. These countries include the USA, the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The Outer Circle represents the places where they speak official non-native varieties of English because of their colonial history. The speakers of these places are the ones who challenge the norms and develop them. They are mainly ESL.

English as a Lingua Franca

the use of the English language "as a global means of inter-community communication" and can be understood as "any use of English among speakers of different first languages for whom English is the communicative medium of choice and often the only option"

homophily

the tendency for people to seek out or be attracted to those who are similar to themselves.

intergroup contact

theory supposes that the greater the interaction between in-group and out-group members, the less prejudice exhibited by the in-group; cross-group friendships in particular help to attenuate this prejudice.

perspective taking

Another social psychological approach to reducing prejudice involves asking participants to imagine ‘the world from another’s vantage point’, generally referred to as perspective-taking. Perspective-taking reduces prejudice by inducing feelings of empathy, in which participants feel a connection toward a member of the outgroup due to compassion, sympathy, or concern or by promoting self-other overlap, in which participants view the outgroup member as having traits of the self (or vice versa), blurring the lines of in- and outgroup

Gender vs. Sex

gender: social construct
sex: biological

LGBTQ

Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-Trans-Queer

(ING)

Title VII

prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. The Civil Rights Act of 1991

immutable traits

a trait is immutable if it is beyond the power of an individual to change or if it is fundamental to personal identity. A trait that meets either of these criteria receives heightened legal protection under constitutional antidiscrimination law.

Creaky/Fry voice

a low, scratchy sound that occupies the vocal range below the common vocal register.

segregation

the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart.

linguistic profiling

using speech characteristics or dialect to identify a speaker's race or religion or social class