Unit 1 Flashcards

Cahokia

Early Native American settlement in the Eastern Woodlands, existing around AD 800–1500.

Great League of Peace (Haudenosaunee)

Alliance of five Native nations near the Great Lakes and New York; later called the Iroquois Confederacy.

Christopher Columbus (Historical ID)

• Who: A Spanish explorer.

• What: Reached the Caribbean and established the first European colony on Hispaniola.

• When: 1492

• Where: The Caribbean, specifically Hispaniola (now Haiti).

• Why: To explore the Caribbean and establish a European colony

Conquistadores

Spanish soldiers/explorers given permission to explore and plunder; Spain received ⅕ of their profits.

Hernan Cortes (Historical ID)

• Who: A Spanish conquistador.

• What: Led a Spanish expedition into Mexico and conquered the Aztec Empire.

• When: 1519

• Where: The interior of what is now Mexico, in Central Mexico.

• Why: He was looking for gold and other precious metals.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plants, animals, germs, and slaves between the Old and New Worlds.

haciendas

• Large Spanish colonial estates in the Americas that functioned as self-sufficient plantations, mines, or ranches.

encomienda

• A Spanish colonial labor system.

Bartolomé de las Casas (Historical ID)

• Who: A Spanish priest and advocate for Native Americans.

• What: Spoke out against the mistreatment and exploitation of Native Americans by Spanish colonizers.

• When: 1500s

• Where: Spanish colonies in the Americas, especially the Caribbean.

• Why: He wanted to protect Native Americans and improve the way they were treated by the Spanish.

Popé and the Pueblo Revolt

• Who: A Pueblo religious leader who organized Native resistance.

• What: A Native American revolt against Spanish colonial rule.

• When: 1680

• Where: New Mexico

• Why: The Pueblo people rebelled against Spanish religious persecution, forced labor, and colonial control.

Jesuit Missionaries

• Catholic missionaries who traveled to the Americas to spread Christianity and convert Native Americans to Catholicism.

New Amsterdam

• Dutch settlement taken by the British in 1664 and renamed New York.

Dutch West India Company

• Dutch trading company that helped establish and manage Dutch colonies and trade in the Americas.

Triangular Trade network

• Trade network connecting North America, Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean; included the transportation of enslaved people.

Indentured servants

• European immigrants who worked 6–7 years for food and shelter in exchange for their passage.

Jamestown

• English settlement established in Virginia in 1607 by the Virginia Company.

Powhatan & Pocahontas

• Powhatan Confederacy controlled Jamestown’s territory; Pocahontas served as a liaison between colonists and Native people. (1607)

tobacco

• Cash crop introduced by John Rolfe in 1614 that made Virginia profitable.

Headright system

• Virginia system giving 50 acres to colonists who paid for their own or another person’s passage.

House of Burgesses

• Virginia’s representative government, established in 1619, dealing with local laws and taxes.

Puritans /Congregationalists

• Protestants influenced by John Calvin who wanted to “purify” the English church; emphasized the Bible, faith, and predestination.

John Winthrop (Historical ID)

• Who: John Winthrop, governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

• What: Described the colony as a “city on a hill” that would serve as a model of Christianity.

• When: 1630s

• Where: Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Why: He wanted the colony to serve as a model of Christianity for future colonies.

Mayflower Compact

• (1620) document signed by 41 male passengers that created a self-governing religious congregation.

Pequot War

• (1636–1637) war where Massachusetts Puritans and Native allies defeated the Pequot.

Roger Williams /Dissenters

• Who: A Puritan minister.

• What: Believed in religious freedom, separation of church and state, and paying Native Americans for their land.

• When: 1636

• Where: Massachusetts → Providence, Rhode Island

• Why: His beliefs were considered controversial by Puritan leaders, so he fled Massachusetts and established Providence.

Anne Hutchinson

• Who: A Puritan woman in Massachusetts.

• What: Taught that people did not need a church or minister to interpret the Bible.

• When: 1630s; she left Massachusetts in 1638.

• Where: Massachusetts → Rhode Island

• Why: She was banished and excommunicated from Massachusetts because of her religious teachings.

New England Colonies

• MA, RI, CT, VT, NH; economy included farming, fishing, lumber, iron, shipbuilding, and trade.

Middle Colonies

• PA, NY, NJ, DE; grew wheat and corn and raised cattle and hogs.

Chesapeake Colonies

• Virginia and Maryland; grew tobacco, wheat, and corn and raised livestock.

Southern Colonies

• Carolinas and Georgia; plantations produced tobacco, rice, indigo, and later cotton.

Plantation

• Large tract of agricultural land growing cash crops such as tobacco and later cotton.

King Philip’s War

• (1675–1676) conflict led by Metacom (King Philip) against English expansion onto Native lands.

mercantilism

• Belief that nations competed for wealth through natural resources, trade, and cheap labor.

the Navigation Acts

• English laws beginning in 1651 that restricted colonial trade and required certain goods to pass through English ports.

Joint stock/Charter colonies

• Colonies supported by investors providing capital; the Virginia Company received a charter to establish Virginia.

Proprietary colonies

• Colonies run by a proprietor given governmental powers over land; Pennsylvania was an example.

Royal colonies

• Colonies controlled by a royal governor and council appointed by the British crown, with an elected representative assembly.

Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1675–1676 rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon over Native raids, low tobacco prices, and high taxes; rebels burned Jamestown.

Dominion of New England

• Combined northern colonies under one ruler in Boston, putting them under stronger royal control.

Salem Witch Trials

• (1692) witchcraft trials in Salem; 13 women and 5 men were executed, damaging the Puritan Church’s reputation.

1619 

• House of Burgesses established and first ship carrying enslaved people arrived in Virginia.

Middle Passage

• Part of the Triangular Trade involving the transportation of enslaved people.

Triangular trade network

Trade network connecting North America, Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean, including the transportation of enslaved people.

Stono Rebellion

• (1739) South Carolina slave rebellion where enslaved people seized weapons and attacked colonial settlements.

salutary neglect

• England’s policy of not aggressively enforcing colonial laws, allowing colonies to develop self-government.

Enlightenment

A 17th- and 18th-century European intellectual movement that emphasized reason, natural rights, and skepticism of traditional authority

Great Awakening

• (1730s–1740s) religious revival emphasizing personal conviction, conversion, and salvation.

Jonathan Edwards

• Who: Jonathan Edwards, a Great Awakening leader.

• What: Preached “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

• When: 1730s–1740s

• Where: New England

• Why: Preached about revival, salvation, and the need for personal religious conversion.

George Whitefield

• Who: A Great Awakening leader.

• What: Preached a theology based on revival and salvation.

• When: 1730s–1740s

• Where: New England and the American colonies

• Why: His preaching crossed denominational boundaries and helped create a common evangelical identity.