AP Final

What are types of bone fractures

• Transverse

• Incomplete

• Greenstick

• Buckle or Torus

• Oblique

• Spiral

• Comminuted

• Displaced and Non Displaced

• Segmental (3 parts)

• Butterfly Dimond Shaped Fracture

• Linear

• Open

• Avulsion

syndrome

a group of symptoms that occur together and are associated
with any morbid condition that constitutes the scenario for a specific disease

Hemorrhage 

abnormal bleeding into soft tissues or a cavity

referred pain

pain that is felt at a sight other than its origin

Inflammation 

localized increase in blood supply with an immune response
by the host to the viable irritant

Edema

excessive accumulation of fluid in soft tissues causing swelling

Hematoma

A collection of blood trapped under the skin and tissue, resulting
from trauma or surgery

Ecchymosis

skin discoloration caused by the escape of blood into the
tissues from ruptured blood vessels (Bruise)

What is AVN

Aseptic necrosis of bone death, usually the end of the bone
Due to a blood supply compromise.

Atrophy

reduction in size due to decreased use

Infract

local area tissue death resulting from reduced or
completely obliterated blood supply

Necrosis 

death of tissue or group of cells in tissue from
trauma or disease

Fibromyalgia

a disorder that causes aches and pains all over the body: chronic
pain, stiffness, and tenderness of muscles, tendons, and joints without detectable
inflammation

Lupus

autoimmune disease. A disorder in the body that attacks our own
healthy cells and tissues. Joints, skin, kidney, heart and lungs can become
inflamed

Muscular dystrophy

a genetic disease, progressive weakness and
degeneration of the skeletal or voluntary muscles which control movement.
Sometimes involuntary muscles are involved

Osteogenesis imperfecta

a condition in which bones are abnormally brittle
and subject to fractures very easily. The slightest touch or bump could
create a fracture

Osteophyte

a bony growth usually found around the joint area of bones.
Formed by new cartilage and bone

Bone Spur 

a portion of ligament or tendon that has turned to bone at the
attachment to bone. Most common areas are-heel, patella, humeral
epicondyles and vertebral body margins

Spina bifida

the vertebral laminae do not close around the spinal cord-
leaving an opening through which the cord and meniges may or may not
protrude

Osteoarthritis

Wear and tear arthritis

Degenerative joint disease (most common). Commonly found
in weight-bearing joints-wearing down of cartilage over time

Rheumatoid arthritis

A chronic disease, inflammation of the lining of the joints. A
systemic disease

Redness and swelling around the joint, warmth, a stiffness that
won’t go away

Osteoporosis

a condition in which bones become less
dense and more likely to fracture. Decrease in the density
of bone, decreasing strength, resulting in fragile bones

Osteopenia

mild thinning of bone mass-not as severe as
osteoporosis. First step of osteoporosis

Osteomalacia

softening of bone, due to lack of Vitamin D,
lack of calcium or kidney disease. Bones bend easily and
become deformed. Called “Rickets” in children

myositis

inflammation of muscle tissue

Tenosynovitis

inflammation of connective tissue

Tendinitis

inflammation of tendons

Calcific Tendonitis

Inflammation associated with calcium
deposits in the tendon or bursa-very painful, limited motion
in shoulder

Bursitis

inflammation of the bursa

Strain 

stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon

Sprain

stretching or tearing of ligaments

Crepitus

any crackling or grating sound with sensation on movement of
surfaces at the joint

Gout

disease process in which uric acid crystals are deposited into the joint
and soft tissue

Synovitis

inflammation of synovial membrane which may be associated with
swelling

Cellulitis

swelling and inflammation of soft tissue. Can be bacterial or
chemical irritant

Volkmann Contracture

decreased blood supply to forearm muscles resulting in
muscle death, contractures of tendons in wrist and hand and a claw-like
deformity

Malignant

tending to be severe and become progressively worse. A tumor
that can invade and destroy nearby tissues and spread (metatasize) to other
parts of the body

Osteochondritis

inflammation of bone (bruise)

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone marrow due to bacteria

Osgood-Schlatter disease

Inflammation at the insertion of the patellar tendon
on tibia (most common with your boys)

Compartment Syndrome

compromise of circulation and function of tissue
within an enclosed space caused by an increase of pressure within that space
(may be due to trauma, a tight bandage or overexertion of muscle) it may
correct itself or become worse in which case a “Fasciotomy” needs to be
performed or the limb could be lost. The most common affected areas are the
anterior leg, thigh and forearm-especially if a cast is put on too tight.

Osteoma

benign tumor in bone

Osteosarcoma

malignant bone tumor

Leukemia

cancer of the blood cells. Starts in the bone marrow (makes
abnormal white blood cells). Most common type of cancer in children

Multiple sclerosis

disorder of the Central Nervous System.
Attacks the myelin coating in various sites throughout the
brain and spinal cord (short circuits the brain). These sites
become inflamed and are eventually destroyed. They
eventually block neurons from transmitting messages to
muscles-the muscles stop contracting and eventually begin
to atrophy more common in woman

Aneurysm

a bulge or bubble that develops at a weakened region in the wall
of the artery. If caught early it can be fixed (if it breaks=internal bleeding and
death)

Thrombosis

blood clot

Deep vein, thrombosis DVT

Blood clot in the deep vein-usually of the calf (frequently the popliteal), thigh or
pelvis.

Diabetes

disorder of insulin and sugar metabolism resulting in high blood sugar
glucose levels.
 Type I: more severe. Insulin injections
 Type II: usually controlled with diet and exercise
 Gestational: occurs during pregnancy and usually goes away once the baby is born
 Diabetes needs to be controlled-serious complications can occur (blindness,
renal failure, stroke, heart attack, infections, nerve damage)

Hyperthyroidism

increase thyroid production and increased metabolism-can
be result in osteoporosis

Hypothyroidism

decrease thyroid production. May result in less bone
production and osteoporosis

Hepatitis A

from infected food or water 

Hepatitis B

transmitted by body fluids, blood, seme or by infected nursing mothers 

Hepatitis C

contaminated blood 

MRSA-methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

“staph”
infection. Normally found in the nose and on the skin. It can
cause serious wound infections and pneumonia. Can be
acquired in the hospital or community. Resistant to
methicillin

Pulmonary embolism

acute obstruction to circulation in lungs (as a result of
a clot). A life threatening situation

HIV

a virus that is
spread by blood, semen and other body fluids. Virus attacks
the body’s immune system and its ability to fight disease. A
person may not have any symptoms but can still spread the
disease. Can be treated if caught early-may not develop
into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

AIDS

is the last stage of HIV. Patients develop life-
threatening disease or cancer. Patients do not die from
AIDS-but from complications of these other diseases

Fasciotomy

surgical incision of fascia

Chondromalacia

softening of cartilage-often found in the patella

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

(SCFE): a gradual or sudden movement of
the femoral head towards a posterior and medial direction-occurs in pre-
teenage children

Effusion

collection of fluid in the joint space not normally there