Geology test 2

Lithogenous sediment

Sediment from land, made by weathering of rocks

Biogenous sediment

Sediment from remains of marine organisms (like shells)

Hydrogenous sediment

Sediment formed by chemicals precipitating from seawater

Cosmogenous sediment

Sediment from space (like dust and meteorites)

Origins of oil and natural gas

Formed from buried marine organisms under heat and pressure over millions of years

Seawater composition

Water, dissolved salts, gases, and nutrients

Average salinity of seawater

About 35 parts per thousand (ppt)

Factors increasing seawater salinity

Evaporation and freezing

Factors decreasing seawater salinity

Rain, river input, and melting ice

Coriolis Effect

The deflection of moving objects due to Earth's rotation

Coriolis Effect in the Northern Hemisphere

Deflects to the right

Coriolis Effect in the Southern Hemisphere

Deflects to the left

Atmospheric circulation

Warm air rises, cool air sinks, creating wind and weather patterns

Hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone

A large rotating storm formed over warm ocean water

Difference between hurricane, typhoon, and cyclone

They're the same storm type, but called differently by region: Hurricane (Atlantic/NE Pacific), Typhoon (NW Pacific), Cyclone (Indian/South Pacific)

Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD)

The depth in the ocean where calcium carbonate dissolves faster than it accumulates