HIST 1301 Exam 1

Who was in America before the Spanish arrived?

Native Americans. There were hundreds of different tribes fanned out over North America. All had different cultures. Crossed over to North America from Asia (the temporary land bridge)

Why did Columbus want to sail west?

He was looking for a shorter route to Asia to get spices.

Why did the king and queen of Spain not want him to go?

They thought he was miscalculating the size of the earth, and they didn't think he'd make it.

Where did Columbus end up?

Caribbean islands. He claimed this land for Spain. He thought he was in Asia the whole time.

Effects of the Spanish in North America

Cultural exchange. Plants, animals, disease, religion, and more were shared between native Americans and the spanish. The Spanish inspired other nations to go to the new world (French, English)

How did the spanish make money in North America?

They mined for gold and silver

Corporate Colony

Colonies operated by joint stock companies with the purpose of making money. JAMESTOWN

Propriety colony

a colony owned by an individual. (MARYLAND)

Royal Colony

A colony under the direct control of a monarch.

The first attempt at an English colony in America

The first Roanoke island expedition. About 100 people were sent to settle in present-day North Carolina.

Who founded Roanoke island?

Sir Walter Raleigh. He founded it to make money (gold + silver) and compete with the Spanish.

Was the 1st Roanoke Island expedition successful?

No. They weren't prepared for agriculture. People were getting sick. Conflict with Native Americans. They went home

Second Roanoke island expedition

Sir Walter Raleigh tries again. It still wasn't successful. We don't know what happened to the people there. It is known as the "lost colony."

Jamestown (1607)

first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607.

Who funded Jamestown?

Virginia Company of London- a group of British investors

Why was Jamestown established?

Financial reasons

The emerged leader of Jamestown

John Smith

The starving times

term for the harsh early times suffered by most original colonists in Jamestown. Occurred after a very severe winter.

Head right system

whoever paid for their journey to virginia would be given 50 acres of free land. It was designed as an initiative to grow Jamestowns' population

The Virginia house of burgesses

the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in Jamestown. Another initiative to grow the population of Jamestown

Religion in the colonies

Maryland- catholic

Plymouth- pilgrims (SEPARATIST+PROTESTANT)

Massachusetts bay- puritan (NON- SEPARATIST+ PROTESTANT )

Catholic Christians vs Protestant Christian

Catholic- Believe the pope has special authority to interpret the Bible

Protestant- believe the pope has no special authority

*both have similar core beliefs

The Church of England

The king of England broke away from the Catholic Church. It was a Protestant church. Set up for personal/political reasons. Fundamentally it was very similar to a Catholic Church

Maryland

Established as a catholic colony by George Calvert. Set up to escape religious persecution. Protestant Christian's were allowed to come too (they needed a labor force). All adult male land-owners could vote for legislature. Proprietary colony.

Plymouth

The pilgrims. Set up by William Bradford. A very small group, they did not get a charter from the King. SEPARATIST

Mayflower Compact

the first governing document of Plymouth Colony, an agreement to be good people and follow the law.

Separatist vs. Non-separatist

Separatist- they wanted to separate from the Church of England. PILGRIMS IN PLYMOUTH.

Non- separatists- they wanted to purify the Church of England. PURITANS IN MASSACHUSETTS

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Set up by the puritans, their leader was John Winthrop. They wanted a real Protestant church. They wanted to purify the Church of England. 1/3 of the England population

The great migration

A huge amount of people that came to MASS bay in the 1630s. Around 20,000 people.

The witch hunt

Salem, Massachusetts. Alleged witches were put on trial and executed. Religious people saw them as a dangerous threat.

Dissidents

People in Mass bay colony that disapproved of parts of the puritan religion. They were put on trial and asked to leave. Lack of religious tolerance.

Anne Hutchinson & Roger Williams

Spanish North America

Settled where they found gold, most of them didn't settle in our part of America, they settled in NEW SPAIN (mexico) Tense relations with Native Americans (Forceful conversions, took a lot of land)

The French in North America

Most settled in present day Canada. Came to fish, but stayed and participated in the fur trade. Better relationship with the native Americans (mainly due to trade)

Large Landowners

Had large plots of land. They used other people for labor. THE RICHEST PPL IN THE SOUTH. Sold cash crops. COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

Farmers

Had and worked their own land. They had smaller plots of land. They kept most produce for them to eat (subsistence farming)

Sharecroppers

people who worked other peoples land. They didn't get paid, but instead got a share of the harvest.

laborers

Hired and paid by the day if someone needed extra help

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Middle Passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies. Slaves were auctioned off to large landowners in the colonies

Merchants

The wealthiest people in cities. Engaged in international trade. Sold to shopkeepers

Shopkeepers

Engaged in local trade. Owned their own stores

Professionals

Anyone with a formal training. Doctors, lawyers, teachers, etc.

Artisans

people trained in a particular skill or craft. Tailors, carpenters, etc.

Politics in the Colonies

No political parties yet. All colonies had a governor. People argued about religion, taxes, budget, etc.

Albany conference, 1757

Set up by Ben Franklin. He sensed a war was about to break out between the French settlers and English colonists. He wanted the colonies to combine into a union so they had a better chance of winning.

Albany conference significance

The plan was not put into effect, it was the first time the colonies talked about coming together as a union

The French and Indian war

Fought between the French settlers in North America (+ the Native Americans) and the English colonists. The English won, with the help of prime minister, William Pitt, who made the war a priority in the colonies.

Battle of Quebec- turning point, major British victory

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended French and Indian War, France lost almost all their land. The English took Florida from the spanish. The spanish got the Louisiana territory

After the war (FRENCH & INDIAN)- new implications

The French and Indian war created a lot of debt. The English government tried to pay off this debt in different ways- taxation

Leaving a standing army

After the war, George Grenville leaves a standing army in the colonies. The colonists did not like this, since there wasn't a war going on.

Quartering Act of 1765

Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.

Sugar Act of 1764

Lowered the import tax on molasses, but was really used by the English gov to crack down on smugglers. It forced merchants to pay the tax, also it set up vice-admiralty courts. These were military courts set up by the British government that were harsh and did not allow juries

Stamp Act of 1765

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies. Colonists were more angry about the stamp act because it interfered with everyday life.

colonist reaction to stamp act

Colonists protested and boycotted, creation of the sons of liberty

Sons of Liberty

Established to enforce boycotts in the British colonies. A group of young men who would go around to shops and threaten shopkeepers who were selling British goods.

Townshend Acts (1767)

An import tax on five products. The colonists reacted by protesting and boycotting

Boston Massacre

Lots of English soldiers were in Boston to maintain order. Boston was a key spot for protesting. Colonists were taunting the soldiers and throwing rocks/snow at them. The soldiers lost it and shot 5 civilians. Colonists were outraged

Tea Act of 1773

Put a monopoly on the import of tea. Only London merchants could import tea to the colonies. This made tea expensive, and cut out merchants from the colonies. Colonists reacted with boycotts

The Boston tea party

Protesting the tea act, the sons of liberty dumped boxes of British tea into the harbor.

The coercive (intolerable) acts, April 1774

A series of laws passed by British parliament to punish Mass bay colony for the Boston tea party. Replaced the colonies government to one appointed by the king (took away their voice). Closed the Boston harbor to commerce until they paid back the cost for the tea. Colonists were outraged

First Continental Congress

Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to protest the coercive acts. They don't declare independence yet.