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A set of flashcards covering key concepts from chapters on Energy, Enzymes, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis.

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48 Terms

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Potential Energy

Stored energy based on position or structure.

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Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion.

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First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.

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Second Law of Thermodynamics

Every energy transfer increases the disorder (entropy) of the universe.

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Entropy

A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.

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Endergonic Reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy (e.g., photosynthesis, dehydration synthesis).

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Exergonic Reaction

A reaction that releases energy (e.g., cellular respiration, hydrolysis).

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ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

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Phosphorylation

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.

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Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

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Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity

Temperature, pH, substrate concentration.

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Denaturation of Enzymes

High heat or extreme pH can denature enzymes.

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Enzyme Activators

Molecules that increase enzyme activity.

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Enzyme Inhibitors

Molecules that reduce enzyme activity.

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Competitive Inhibitors

Bind to the active site of an enzyme.

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Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Bind elsewhere on the enzyme, changing its shape.

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Equation for Cellular Respiration

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP).

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Exothermic

Refers to reactions that release energy, such as cellular respiration.

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Redox Reaction

A reaction involving electron transfer—oxidation (loss) and reduction (gain).

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Oxidizing Agent

The substance that gains electrons in a redox reaction.

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Reducing Agent

The substance that loses electrons in a redox reaction.

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Anaerobic

Referring to processes that occur without oxygen.

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Aerobic

Referring to processes that occur with oxygen.

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Types of Anaerobic Respiration

Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.

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Stages of Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric acid cycle, Electron Transport Chain (ETC).

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Function of the ETC

Electrons pass through proteins, pumping H⁺ to create a gradient used by ATP synthase to synthesize ATP.

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Chemiosmosis

The flow of H⁺ ions through ATP synthase to generate ATP.

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ATP from Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

4 ATP (2 in glycolysis, 2 in citric acid Cycle).

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ATP from Oxidative Phosphorylation

About 28 —> 30-32 ATP produced.

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Mitochondria in Muscle/Liver Cells

These cells have more mitochondria, which produce more ATP.

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Effects of ETC Disruption

Disruption of the ETC decreases or stops ATP production.

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Common Elements of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Both use redox reactions, ETCs, and ATP synthase.

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Chlorophyll Location in Plants

Most chlorophyll is located in the mesophyll tissue of leaves.

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Stomata

Small openings in leaves for gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out).

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Structure of a Chloroplast

Composed of outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, thylakoids, and grana.

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Light-Dependent Reactions Location

Occur in the thylakoid membranes.

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Light-Independent Reactions Location

Occur in the stroma (Calvin Cycle).

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Main Photosynthetic Pigment

Chlorophyll a.

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Higher Energy Wavelengths

Shorter wavelengths (like blue/violet) have more energy.

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Equation for Photosynthesis

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

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Endothermic Nature of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is an endothermic process.

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Reactants/Products of Light Reactions

Reactants: light, H₂O, NADP⁺, ADP; Products: O₂, ATP, NADPH.

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Reactants/Products of Calvin Cycle

Reactants: CO₂, ATP, NADPH; Product: glucose.

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Phases of the Calvin Cycle

Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration.

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Enzyme for Carbon Fixation

RuBisCO.

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Turns of the Calvin Cycle for Glucose

6 turns are needed for the production of 1 glucose.

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Plants and CO₂ Levels

Plants reduce CO₂ levels by absorbing it during photosynthesis.

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CO₂ and Climate Change

CO₂ is a greenhouse gas that traps heat, contributing to global warming.