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A set of flashcards covering key concepts from chapters on Energy, Enzymes, Cellular Respiration, and Photosynthesis.
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Potential Energy
Stored energy based on position or structure.
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Every energy transfer increases the disorder (entropy) of the universe.
Entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness in a system.
Endergonic Reaction
A reaction that absorbs energy (e.g., photosynthesis, dehydration synthesis).
Exergonic Reaction
A reaction that releases energy (e.g., cellular respiration, hydrolysis).
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule.
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration.
Denaturation of Enzymes
High heat or extreme pH can denature enzymes.
Enzyme Activators
Molecules that increase enzyme activity.
Enzyme Inhibitors
Molecules that reduce enzyme activity.
Competitive Inhibitors
Bind to the active site of an enzyme.
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Bind elsewhere on the enzyme, changing its shape.
Equation for Cellular Respiration
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP).
Exothermic
Refers to reactions that release energy, such as cellular respiration.
Redox Reaction
A reaction involving electron transfer—oxidation (loss) and reduction (gain).
Oxidizing Agent
The substance that gains electrons in a redox reaction.
Reducing Agent
The substance that loses electrons in a redox reaction.
Anaerobic
Referring to processes that occur without oxygen.
Aerobic
Referring to processes that occur with oxygen.
Types of Anaerobic Respiration
Lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation.
Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric acid cycle, Electron Transport Chain (ETC).
Function of the ETC
Electrons pass through proteins, pumping H⁺ to create a gradient used by ATP synthase to synthesize ATP.
Chemiosmosis
The flow of H⁺ ions through ATP synthase to generate ATP.
ATP from Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
4 ATP (2 in glycolysis, 2 in citric acid Cycle).
ATP from Oxidative Phosphorylation
About 28 —> 30-32 ATP produced.
Mitochondria in Muscle/Liver Cells
These cells have more mitochondria, which produce more ATP.
Effects of ETC Disruption
Disruption of the ETC decreases or stops ATP production.
Common Elements of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Both use redox reactions, ETCs, and ATP synthase.
Chlorophyll Location in Plants
Most chlorophyll is located in the mesophyll tissue of leaves.
Stomata
Small openings in leaves for gas exchange (CO₂ in, O₂ out).
Structure of a Chloroplast
Composed of outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, thylakoids, and grana.
Light-Dependent Reactions Location
Occur in the thylakoid membranes.
Light-Independent Reactions Location
Occur in the stroma (Calvin Cycle).
Main Photosynthetic Pigment
Chlorophyll a.
Higher Energy Wavelengths
Shorter wavelengths (like blue/violet) have more energy.
Equation for Photosynthesis
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Endothermic Nature of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is an endothermic process.
Reactants/Products of Light Reactions
Reactants: light, H₂O, NADP⁺, ADP; Products: O₂, ATP, NADPH.
Reactants/Products of Calvin Cycle
Reactants: CO₂, ATP, NADPH; Product: glucose.
Phases of the Calvin Cycle
Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration.
Enzyme for Carbon Fixation
RuBisCO.
Turns of the Calvin Cycle for Glucose
6 turns are needed for the production of 1 glucose.
Plants and CO₂ Levels
Plants reduce CO₂ levels by absorbing it during photosynthesis.
CO₂ and Climate Change
CO₂ is a greenhouse gas that traps heat, contributing to global warming.